Lifeboat Ethics and People

Garrett Hardin (b. 1915) is interested in natural science who publishes this to the people who does not know that much information. He graduated at the University of Chicago and at Stanford University where he received Ph.D. which help him in his passion of being a connector between society and an environment. The books he has written so far are for example, Lifeboat Ethics: The Case Against Helping the Poor (1974).Helping people that are less fortunate perpetuates the cycle of misfortune and has nothing to help them. In terms of studying an environment earth is called a â€Å"spaceship† to better develop the idea of world ethics where people live in societies with different rules and powers. Those who are seen as rich ones live on lifeboats and poor ones are in water swimming around them. People from not developed countries keep trying to board on the â€Å"lifeboat† in order to survive but â€Å"we must recognize the limited capacity of any lifeboat† (Hardin 47 8) because otherwise no one will survive. The reason for this is the significant difference between growth of population the poor and rich countries.The amount of increasing poor countries would in quarter of the  decade significantly damage the rich ones by consumption and after a decade they might sink them down completely. â€Å"The fundamental error of spaceship ethics, and the sharing it requires, is that it leads to what I call the tragedy of the commons† (480). The way how to help poor people to survive was to create a world food bank but â€Å"a wise and competent government saves out of the production of the good years in anticipation of bad years to come† (481), moreover the not advanced countries would take it all and not give back.The final decision goes from old Chinese adage: â€Å"Give a man a fish and he will east for a day; teach him how to fish and he will eat for rest of his days† which solves the situation. However, the environment, such as , forests or beaches at the expense of the rising population decreases for example, India and its increasing population every year by 15 million.The author seems that he know what he talks about in this article according to his evidence that he is deep focus in his passion for nature and received degrees in high status universities in a similar subject. He did not mention any sources of information he used which could prove his believes. He truly stated facts such as, the population growth is increasing with an example, of India or that rich countries drive the world principles and not economically advanced countries need a help from them and makes the article persuasive.The whole piece leads to conclusion where the author comes back to his first paragraph including information about ethics and control of people’s behavior. People sometimes do not always choose the right decisions based on their culture, location, and thinking. Author tries to explain how they should perceive the world around them and be aware of change in a future according to environmentalists. Even though that the article was written more than thirty years ago it apposite the people’s way of doing things and especially the population growth and the end of the text leads into overall successful summary.According to what is happening in the world in the 21st century this paper shows its true contain. He gives a real manner of how society should look like in order to establish the atmosphere which could consequently better associate people from different side of a boat. People without any rules will live with a status called Anarchy which has never accomplished any success. People’s ancestors for example, in Babylon used to have a social system where rich were in head of the town and  poor had to work hard for them. Although Babylon disappeared most likely because of natural disaster, the system brought them power and prosperity.

Business level

Business Purposes P5 Criteria â€Å"Explain the characteristics of the local business environment. † Define a local government. Identify the departments within a local government and explain its general purpose. (Why is it beneficial for local residents to have specialist departments within the local government? ) Name your local government, mention the: Number of ethnic minorities. What is the impact of this on the local area? (Mention more incentive for businesses to start up in the area)(lnformation is available onRedbridge website). Number of shopping centre's. What is the impact of these on the local area? (mention job increase-Information is available on Redbridge website). Number underground and train facilities. What is the impact of this on the local area? (mention- people can commute out of the area to study and find a Job- Information is available on Redbridge website). What has your local government recently introduced into the area? How has this improved the local economic wellbeing, especially during the period of recession? ention shopping centre's) Save in your area the following file TaiYear 12 Level 2 the consultation draft. On pages 27 and 28 there are 2 bar charts, which you need to add to your assignments. Once you have copied these into your assignments you need to analyse them. What has happened to Redbridge in the last 10 years? What sector is more dominant in Redbridge? (How could Redbridge council encourage more of those businesses to start up in the area? )What is the rate of unemployment in Redbridge? Which business industrial sectors are growing in Redbridge? What industrial sectors are declining in Redbridge? What is happening to average earnings in Redbridge? What is happening to the growth of businesses in Redbridge? What is the local borough doing to support businesses? How is this helping the local area? Talk about at least two things in detail. Conclude your findings. (Do you think your local government is helping to pr omote economic wellbeing in the local area? )

Apush Chapter 9 Study Guide Essay

Lindsay Adams Mrs. Wilkinson APUSH Pd. 5 12 September 2013 Chapter 9 Study Guide 1. How did the revolutionary American ideas of natural human rights, equality & freedom from the governmental tyranny affect developments in the immediate post-Revolutionary period? (1783-1789) Revolutionary American ideas from government tyranny affected development in the post-Revolutionary period by making it impossible for a strong federal government to be created. Since the colonies fought to get out of a federal government, they did not want to create another one, so, congress was forced to make a weak federal government called the Articles of Confederation. It gave no power to the government, but gave all power to the central governments of the colonies. 2. What significant change to the new United States resulted from the revolutionary war? Freedom from England was the primary change of the new United States. The colonies, now called states, were officially independent from Great Britain when the Treaty of Paris was signed in France in 1783. Other alterations included the lack of an executive branch of government, more rights, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and several others. 3. Describe the powers of the national government under the Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation created a one-house legislature as the Confederation’s main institution, making the government a unicameral system of government. In addition, Congress could settle conflicts among the states, issue coins, borrow money, and make treaties with other countries and with Native Americans. Congress could also ask the states for money and soldiers. 4. What were the major weaknesses and strengths of the Articles of Confederation government? Why do some historians call it the â€Å"Critical Period†? The Articles of Confederation was drafted during the years 1776 and 1777, while the colo nists were still fighting for independence, it created a weak national government with most of the governmental powers retained by the states. The Articles provided no separation of branches. There was no president or any other independent executive, nor was there a federal judicial branch. Congress, the legislature, was the only branch of government. Members elected to congress  did not vote as individuals, but as states. While congress did have some powers, it could not enforce its laws on the states or the people. States were permitted to coin their own money. There was no regulation of commerce between the states and states could even enter into treaties with foreign nations and declare war, with the consent of Congress. Congress could not tax the states or the people; it could only request funds to run the government. Since the Revolution created an enormous debt, and there was no way to tax the colonies with such a weak government, the need for a federal government was great. 5. What motivated the â€Å"founding fathers† to call for a convention to modify the Articles? What was the significance of Shay’s Rebellion? The Founding Fathers wanted a new constitution because the current government of the Articles of Confederation was not working due to the balance of powers between state/federal governments and Shay’s rebellion. The document gave state governments too much power and left the federal government helpless in both defending and caring for American interests which led to almost no unification of the states. Th e federal government was powerless to stop Shay’s rebellion and Congress had little power. The Articles of Confederation had no chief executive, Congress had no power to tax citizens directly, no power to draft an army, had no national court system, no power to settle arguments among states, and many more. Shays Rebellion was a rebellion against the Articles of Confederation in 1787. There were many unfair â€Å"laws† that the working class couldn’t fight, there were polling taxes and that made it hard for the working class to vote, there was no common currency so the working class would sometimes be cheated out of money, and it was really hard for them to set prices on their goods. 6. Explain the Virginia Plan, the New Jersey Plan, and the Connecticut Compromise. The NJ plan was an attempt to make the country vote by equal representation where each state would send the same amount of delegates to represent them. The Virginia plan was an attempt to start representation by population where the states would send more or less delegates depending on how big the state was. The CT Compromise/Great Compromise benefitted both large and small states. There was representation in the House based on population and equal representation in the Senate. 7. Explain the 3/5th Compromise. States ideally wanted to have more representation in the House of Representatives, in order to have more voice in the federal government. However, southern states, which refused to give Blacks the slightest of rights (due to the already entrenched ideals of slavery) wanted to make the most of their black populations to achieve greater representation. It was eventually decided (in part because of Southern threats to not join the new nation) that each slave would count as â€Å"3/5 of a person† for representation purposes. 8. Explain the first three articles of the Constitution. Which body of the government was described in each article and how did federal powers under the new Constitution contrast with federal powers under the Articles? The first three articles of the Constitution established all three branches of government and their powers. The first article defines the Legislative Branch, its powers, members, and workings. The second Article of the Constitution that defines the Executive Branch, its powers, duties, and means of removal. The Article of the Constitution that sets up the Judicial Branch and defines treason is the third article. The constitution possessed more federalist ideas, giving more power to the national government rather than the states. 9. Who were the Anti-Federalists, what was their major objection to the Constitution, and why did they lose their struggle to the Federalists? The Anti-Federalists did not want to ratify the Constitution. They argued that it gave too much power to the national government at the expense of the state governments. These were the people of a high class. Because the majority of the states supported the Constitution and anti-federalists wished to remain a union, they accepted the document which was also issued with a bill of rights. 10. Which of the social changes brought about by the Revolution was the most significant? Could the Revolution have gone further toward the principle that â€Å"all men are created equal† by ending slavery or granting women’s rights? Women became more politically involved throughout the revolution although no women’s rights were officially established until later on. Native American relationships with the Americans improved as well. Small opposition against slavery initiated in Pennsylvania. The biggest change was that people felt like they had a voice in their government instead of having birthrights determine who was in charge. Yes; if slavery was abolished and women’s rights were established, that statement could have been more valid. Big Question:  Should the Constitution be seen as a conservative reaction to the Revolution, an enshrinement of revolutionary principles or both? The Constitution should be seen both as a conservative reaction to the Revolution and an enshrinement of revolutionary principles because it reflected conservative principles but also promoted the idea of a strong republicanism. The wealthy were still in power; most of those in Congress were wealthy. The rights of certain people were still limited under the Constitution like women and slaves. However, the government was still based on the consent of the people and government’s power was limited. The system of check and balance is the most original aspect of the Constitution. The re were three branches, the legislative, executive, and judicial and each had its own power as well as an opportunity to check the other branched to assure that no branch abused its power. Key Terms & People: Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom Shay’s Rebellion Articles of Confederation Daniel Shays Old Northwest Patrick Henry Northwest Ordinance Great Compromise Land Ordinance of 1785 The Federalist

The issues, procedures, and techniques involved in IT resource Research Paper

The issues, procedures, and techniques involved in IT resource contingency planning - Research Paper Example In this regard, a study of a sampled organization which has implemented a range of technologies is to be accomplished. The primary purpose of the investigation is to evaluate the policies, approaches, procedures, and teams which are associated to incident response and recovery. A secondary purpose of the investigation is to develop a set of the effective measures to ensure that the organization achieves business continuity after incidences with minimum incurrence of costs. As per the hypothetical case study, currently there is no business continuity, disaster recovery and incident response plans. In order to do so, there are many factors that can be taken into consideration. The first objective is to establish a risk management framework. The risk assessment framework will incorporate asset identification and classification. Asset identification can also be called as asset inventory. Asset inventory comprises of all assets that are deemed critical, important or general. After establi shing asset inventory, asset classification is carried out. Likewise, the classification scheme will be drawn, as defined by the data, system or application owners, as they are the relevant people to determine the levels for each asset. After defining the asset inventory and asset classification, our next objective is to carry out risk management. Likewise, risk management comprises of two components i.e. Risk assessment and Risk management. Risk assessment incorporates cost benefit analysis that justifies the total cost of the asset and the total cost required to protect and ensure redundancy. However, it is essential to make a balance or the total cost of an asset may not exceed the total cost required for securing it or providing redundancy. Critical questions that need to be answered for conducting a successful risk management are: Which information asset is the most critical to the success of the organization? Which information asset generates the most revenue? Which informatio n asset generates the highest profitability? Which information asset is the most expensive to replace? Which information asset is the most expensive to protect? Which information asset’s loss or compromise would be the most embarrassing or cause the greatest liability? After the completion of risk assessment, risks can be prioritized and can be managed with associated or allocated cost and their impact levels on the business. Moreover, for establishing a comprehensive business continuity plan, following factors are mandatory: Business Continuity Planning Governance Business Impact Analysis (BIA) Procedures and activities for business continuity Instant procedures Quality assurance The disaster recovery sites must ensure to meet the Recovery Time Objectives, Recovery Point Objectives Service Delivery Objectives, Crisis Opening (Disaster Declaration) and Crisis end. Figure 3 illustrates the formulation of designing and validating a BCP plan based on these parameters. Figure 3 I mage Retrieved from (Sheth, McHugh, & Jones, 2008) Furthermore, for establishing incident response functions, Computer security incident response teams are required with trained staff. Through a sampling methodology, a convenient sample will be attained from organizations which have heavily employed technology in their operations and have been affected by security incidences and breaches. Therefore a primary research methodology will be conducted to gather data and information on the approaches which the organizations selected in the sample employ in the achievement of effective response and recovery

Destination Marketing and Management Assignment

Destination Marketing and Management - Assignment Example With globalization, competition between industry has increased to a great extend, and this has given rise to new destinations which are made affordable through effective marketing tools and strategies. In addition to the above, a new conceptual framework for competitiveness has been adopted by the tourism industry. This is because sustainable tourism can prove to be a key driver for the development of economic as well as social factors as long as it get delivered by an effective structures and strategies, and hence bringing together all resources of the relevant partners, the public, private and the voluntary groups (Terzibasoglu, 2010). Destinations are the most difficult entities in the process of market and manage and this is because of the complexity of the relationship between the local stakeholders. The marketing and managing of the destinations are also tough because of variety of stakeholders who are involved in the production and development of the tourism and products. The strategic aims are quite different from each other and often conflicting. Consumers however tends to experience a particular destination as total experience which comprises of the essence the resources of a particular region, services as well as products which tends to represents the personal and professional interest of people living as well as working in that particular destination (Dukic, 2009, p. 25). However, global competitiveness along with tourism concentration tends to create challenges as well as problems to create customer loyalty as well as sustainable competitive advantage in the tourism market. The issues are apparent mainly in the demand management and in the creation of images which are unique for particular tourist destinations. Tourism which has proved to be an economic activity has importance in the development of the national economy. Analysis and Evaluation There have been various discussions about the tourism literature particularly about the concept of destina tion. A standard and uniform definition of the term ‘destination’ has been said to be elusive as well as difficult to reach due to various implications and permutation which are associated with such an attempt. According to Pike, (2008) with the use of System approach and also supported by the consumption pattern of the destinations by the respective consumers, thus it can be argued that destination is termed as geographical space where a cluster of resources with respect to tourism exists and not any political boundary. It has been said that the system view of the tourism industry and the environmental scanning has affected the activities of the destination level and requires integrative and comprehensive approach with respect to management and marketing. But unfortunately the existing literature has defined and emphasised mostly on one aspect which tends to create challenge for the tourism industry. The scope and concept of destination management and marketing is well defined in the following figure. Figure 1: Destination Marketing and Management (Source: Wang & Pizam, p.6) Pike has identified three different types of organisations which are actively engaged in the destination management and marketing. They are known as DMOs who are mainly responsible for promotion, providing policy advices to the government agencies (Wang & Pizam, 2011, p.6). Strategic and tactical

Coexistence of six sigma and lean sigma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Coexistence of six sigma and lean sigma - Essay Example This discussion paper will tackle the viability of both methods to coexist within the company and determine as well the elements and issues that might arise that may result to a conflict between Six Sigma and Lean Sigma. In the course on the discussion I have learned that Service-Quality Management plays an important role in the success of a company. It has been observed that companies share common practices such as strategic concept, Top-management commitment, high standards, and self-service technologies (SSTs). Among these services, the High Standards for services and products is the practice which can be closely associated with the Six Sigma and Lean Sigma methods since its primary and ultimate goal is to provide the consumers with a 100% defect-free service. The former accuracy standard of 98% sounded impressive though when considering companies that operates in very large volumes of products and service, the said percentage will translate to a level that can still affect whethe r the company services will be seen by customers as merely good or if it is a breakthrough service (Kotler and Keller, 2009). In addition, Six Sigma and Lean Sigma can also be applied to further develop a better and faster delivery system. This includes three levels of differentiation – reliability, resilience, and innovativeness. ... ding the consumers with access to better information systems, introduce bar coding and mixed pallets, and provide other systems that would help the consumers. These systems include a customer interface system that would result to an optimal efficiency and effectiveness (Kotler and Keller, 2009). Six Sigma and Lean Sigma will be an indispensible method to deduce the problems that is encountered by the company and help develop a more efficient and effective operations. Quality improvement can increase the profits of a business by reducing rework and scrap, thus creating a smooth production flow. While some companies are faced with the dilemma on choosing which ideology is perfect for process improvement, some companies are utilizing both Lean and Six Sigma. Six Sigma programs are focused and effective but it often takes months to finish. It also creates elite Black Belts who are often disconnected from the department or workplace. On the hand, Lean initiatives are great for boosting pr oductivity, changing cultures, and cleaning up practices. The companies that find the combination of lean/kaizen and Six Sigma methods as the most effective way to eliminate flaws have been successful in improving their production and continually improving the processes within the business (Smith, 2003). Alternative process design and improvement strategies can be deduced using a decision flowchart. If the process is fundamentally flawed or new it will require a Business Process Design or a Design for Six Sigma. If the process is not that flawed or it is an existing process, the nature of the problem will have to be determined whether it has too much variation or if it has too much waste. Too much variation in the process will require the DMAIC approach of the Six Sigma while too much waste

Role of Private Sector Organizations in Education Essay

Role of Private Sector Organizations in Education - Essay Example This calls for infrastructure development, and thus huge investment. Despite rapidly increasing government expenditure in education, real expenditures per pupil are increasing. Property-tax relief efforts and calls for more equitable funding across rich and poor school districts have increasingly led states to pick up a greater percentage of education costs. Basic needs for today's market are3: Privatization could provide an appropriate response to public education offering opportunities both for reducing costs and infusing private-sector funds into the education system. Schools are struggling to raise money to maintain existing buildings and to build new schools in order to keep up with increasing enrollment5. Private-sector involvement in education can provide infrastructure, and this may be one of the more politically acceptable methods of, since neither teachers nor students are directly involved. Providing classroom space, buildings, or land, Furnishing or equipping existing classroom space, providing maintenance services and utilities, providing teaching programs, Managing schools or school districts, Negotiating management deals that include provision of infrastructure are some of the issues where private sector can contribute in education6. The emergence of diverse privatization responses to inadequate public resources, coupled with some legislative restructuring ( school choice and open enrollment plans) in public schools, can result in substantial cost savings. Public/private partnerships can increase saving potential, as an alternative to increased taxes and service cuts and in response to growing school enrollments and increasing costs7. In addition, the company may implement a smaller student-teacher ratio, continued teacher training, and increased use of technology teacher's salary and benefits, books, supplies, furniture, equipment etc...8 Another key area where private agencies can make significant contribution is skill training to help children who did not move beyond school education, to come up in life. Private sectors can give away grants and scholarships to deserving candidates. Business organizations can influence the quality of future workers and can encourage improved performance in several ways9: Executive programs, where corporate executives work in specialized areas such as administration, staff development, or resource management. Curriculum renewal programs, where corporate executives work with educators to develop curricula that reflects private-sector technology, standards and practice. Mentor programs, where professionals have linked with individual students. Donation of equipment to schools. Programs between business

AB 109 and Institutional Corrections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

AB 109 and Institutional Corrections - Essay Example The bill provided guidelines to be used in decongesting the state prisons and at the same time increase capacity within county prisons. California has 33 state prisons which initially had exceeded its capacity by more than 100%. The main goal of the California department of corrections and rehabilitation was to ensure public safety by preventing crime and realizing social responsibilities (Misczynski, 2011). The adult department had three major departments which was the male department, female department and the parole department. The number of parole violators and recidivist prisoners was adding to the overgrowing population among prisoners. The population prevents effective service delivery and prevents effective healthcare delivery (Lofstrom et al. 2012). The increased population prompted the state prisons this release offenders before their time elapses. The county prisons had limited jurisdiction over felony offenders and parole violators. The assembly bill (AB 109), was enacted to expand the jurisdiction of county court to enable them deal with cases that were initially assigned to the state courts. This was an effort by the state of California to change the manner in which adult correctional facilities were managed. The decongestion programs aimed at reducing the number of inmate in state detention facilities and accommodate them in the country facilities. According to Lofstrom et al. (2012) the bill was a move by the California to decongest the 33 state prisons by approximately 137.5%. The bill was an effort of by a taskforce which recommended the decongestion. In 2011 the recommendations by the task force were implemented. The assembly bill also allowed low- felony offenders to serve their jail term in country prisons rather than the state prisons. The state prisons where to regulate the inmate population. No inmate was to be transferred to the county prisons upon the implementation of the bill. In that sense no prison would be released prior to his

Study Nile River Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Study Nile River - Essay Example The basin is home to the estimated population of over 160 million people with overwhelming majority depending on it directly or indirectly for land, water, shelter, and energy sources (Rahman, 2013). The use of the water resources has over the years become a source of conflict for the ten countries that depend on it directly or indirectly. The population of the river is expected to double in the next twenty years thus pressuring the already strained water resources thus tampering with its ability to meet the world’s social, environmental, and economic challenges in the region (Rahman, 2011). The Nile river basin represents an area with a traditional history that is strongly linked to the river due to its importance in an environment that experiences water scarcity. The region lacks tangible water alternatives hence they purely rely on the river and its resources to provide them with the essentials of their daily lives. The water governance highly favours Egypt at the expense o f riparian states thus breeding a lot of instability concerning water use in this region. The African communities are the most affected by the water resource problems due to persistent drought, increasing food security and political instability. Water is truly a strategic and vital resource and should thus be properly and sensitively managed to avoid pollution and prevent any possible conflict. The Nile water resource is subject to lots of pressures ranging from demographic, economic, growth of agglomerations, and ecological factors that threaten the smooth existence in the region. There are several organizations working round the clock to study and closely monitor the activities that are taking place in the Nile basin. There are several uses of water in this basin spreading in all the riparian states hence all of them want a voice in controlling the water usage. The continuous use of this water resource is exposing this basin to environmental degradation that threatens their ecosys tems in the near future. In an attempt to control this rare resource, trans boundary issues are developing that threatens the political and economic stability in the region, hence resulting in signing of several pacts between the riparian states. Relevant uses and users of water throughout the Nile basin The Nile basin contains a wide range of unique and highly productive ecosystems that provide food resources, medicine, fuel, and construction materials despite providing water for irrigation, industry, hydropower, and household use (Allan, 2009). These ecosystems provide a number of important hydrological functions that include flood mitigation, flow regulation, and water quality in the whole region despite being aesthetic, cultural and heritage significance. The ecosystems provide an intrinsic value to over 160 million people who depend on the Nile basin to provide for a range of livelihoods that include agriculture, fisheries, and urban dwelling (Rahman, 2011). The ecosystems also provide direct services that include water shelter, medicine, fuel, fish, plants and animal feeds that they use throughout the year for their daily survival. According to Allan (2009), the river is of great importance since it provides up to 80% of the calorie intake provided by goods and services directly related to Nile ecosystems. According to Cascao (2009), most of the riparian stat

Adoption of standardized terminologies Coursework

Adoption of standardized terminologies - Coursework Example In my capacity as a practicing research clinical nurse, I would welcome the implementation of Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC) standardized terminology. NIC is a broad, research-based, standardized classification of care-interventions that clinical nurses perform (Nolan, 2004). It is important for communication of care all over, clinical documentation, productivity measurement, and integration of data across systems and settings, competency evaluation, effectiveness research, curricular design and reimbursement (Clark & Lang, 1992). The NIC Classification comprises of both collaborative and independent interventions that clinical nurses do on behalf of their patients as well as both direct and indirect patient care. Nurses define an intervention as any vital treatment, based on clinical knowledge, wisdom and judgment that a clinical nurse performs to boost client or patient outcomes (Nolan, 2004). I would welcome NIC because it is useful in all clinical settings from acute care ICUs to home care, hospice and primary care. NIC can also be used in all medical specialties from critical patient care to ambulatory care, as well as long-term care (Nolan, 2004). Although the entire NIC classification only describes the nursing domain, some of its interventions are also done by other care providers. Moreover, NIC is also applicable to other non-physician providers in describing their treatments. It is a terminology that can save many situations in case of emergencies in care, in the presence and absence of a nurse (Clark & Lang,

Respond to the question from a theistic world view .evaluate both Essay

Respond to the question from a theistic world view .evaluate both their naturalisic and theistic vew - Essay Example The paper explores â€Å"big† questions raised by laypersons and experts, explained better through Christian Theism than Philosophical Naturalism. How did this world come into existence? Scientist, theologians, and philosophers have spent their lives finding the answer. Various theories and propositions have been presented, and the scientists now agree with the fact that the existence of world came into being from nothing and that it is continually expanding towards a fierce end. The â€Å"Big Bang Theory† is the only possible explanation the Naturalists’ can give for the existence of the universe, which itself is contested in cosmological terms among scientists, providing insufficient answers regarding who was that being that made the Big Bang. The Christians believed all of this, long before scientists, through scriptures in the Bible referring to an â€Å"uncaused, first cause† (God) that caused the universe. The Theists’ answer is the only possible explanation providing coherency and stability to the cosmology of the Big Bang Theory. This is done by explaining an ever-loving God that existed bef ore anything else existed who made this world to show His supremacy, and for people to understand His nature and offer the glad tidings of an immortal life in the hereafter. Naturalists have pondered and presented various vague theories explaining the complex structures and systems involved in the make-up of this universe. Unfortunately, they do not recognize a creator and that is why they are unable to present any plausible explanation. The biological explanations of origin of life are stated through Darwin’s â€Å"Theory of Evolution,† yet it is unable to provide sufficient evidence regarding the physical aspect of its origins. However, the Christian theism explains the harmony in which this universe has existed to be the cause of a creator. The (Genesis 2:7) explains that God has the power to create life from non-living

Apple Company Essay Example for Free

Apple Company Essay Apple Company was created by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak in 1976. Now Apple Company became very famous company in the world. It was made a lot of machine and computers. In recent years it’s created something that was very helpful to the human. For example such as Ipad2, Ipad3, Ipad4 that is a small hand computer. Human can use it store a lot of things and they can use it to watch moves talk to each other, use it for GPS and so on. He also made Iphone3 to Iphone5. These phone are famous and useful and it was perfect phone. Iphone5 series has many kinds of function. It can help human to do anything they want. It is easy to use and convenience to everybody in their life. Now Apple Company has contracted with many companies, such as ATT, TSMC and so on. Apple Company has a lot of supporters all over the world. Creator and history In 1976 Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak created Apple Company. Jobs growth after several twists and turns. First Jobs dont like bundle, when he was a student. before he started his elementary school. His mother gave him in advance how to learn. But this has led to the later he arrived at the school. He said he has nothing to do for a few years and usually look for trouble by himself. Jobs soon discovered they can do work. Jobs like natural work, rather than be disciplined by others. Jobs met in the different authority, he disliked it. He almost and obey them, his curiosity about all sorts of things that they almost captured him. Jobs in McCollum class only with a years time to learn over three years of course. Jobs have a project, he made a photocell switch device, this matter after exposure the school of science living the school can make the device, jobs gets knowledge from his father. And his is very interesting in laser. Jobs and a few friends partnership created belong to his light show stereo system. In McCollum’s class, jobs and a new graduate teachers to become friends. They especially like in the classroom with all the time to discuss their legend. His brother Stephen Wozniak worked in a swimming team almost five years, so jobs know more about electronic. But in the emotional and social he is a senior high school student, very weak. When Mike Markkula joined Jobs and Wozniak, Jobs their fledgling partnership into Apple Co., LTD. In January 1977,their valued about $5309. Four years later they think it is time to open the value. It is the first public in 1980, become most oversubscribe, apple company would be $1.79 billion. Yes, billion. In this change process it will make three hundred millionaires. Development Apple has a lot of competitors, Such as IBM, Microsoft, etc. They are rivals as well as a friend, in 1991 they had technical communication. In astronomy, the two stars orbit is binary system is closely related. Because of their attraction is interaction. In history have a similar situation, when a time made the relationship and competition two track star: In the twentieth century physics Albert Einstein and Bohr, for instance, in early American management, Thomas Jefferson and Alexander. Hamilton. For the first thirty years of the personal computer era, in the 1970 s, the definition of a binary star system is made up of two were born in 1955 college students of high energy control. Bill Gates and jobs has a very different character and background, although they have the same ambition interchange technology and business. Gates father is a Seattle famous lawyer, his mother a city in all kinds of famous leaders of the board of directors. He became a technical personnel a rebel, hippies, spiritual seekers, or members of the counterculture. Not a blue box destroy the phone company, gates in the school to create a program to help scheduling local traffic engineer and he such a car calculation procedure he got the girl. He went to Harvard, but he decided to leave school, this is not to find the enlightenment and the Indian master but a computer software company. Jobs also have the same thing. This is twin cooperation. When the first developed was Macintosh, Jobs to visit near Seattle gates office. Microsoft wrote some applications for Apple II , including one called Multiplan spreadsheet program, jobs want to stimulate gates and his company, for the upcoming Macintosh computer do more. Sitting in the Gates meeting rooms, jobs for public computer made a tempting perspective, friendly interface, this show is in a California factory automation has millions of production. He in the California suction silicon components and cultivate complete dream factory lead to Microsoft team Macintosh computer program code sand. They even put engineering reverse to a acronym, Steves amazing new devices. But in the end they twin and no successful cooperation. In 1988 when jobs announced the future computer, caused a excited. The second year began to sales, computer finally failed. The ability of jobs, move in media began to fail him, a series of things that companies get into trouble. Because of the presence of relatively small software running, so then, it has been difficult to attract customers. Jobs was fired the board of directors, in 1996 the second back to apple. Apple Story Apple the pursuit of perfect, it also led to the growth of its ups and downs. Jobs not willing to give up work and control anything, especially when it may affect the customer experience. But he was faced with a problem. There is a part of the process he does not control: in a store to buy apple products experience. He went on to do a insightful views: this difference in design philosophy, he said, he and the apple is not good at cooperation with other companies. Because Woz and I made the company based on the whole banana, we are not so good at working with people, he said. I think if apple in its DNA can have more, may make him its very good. As early as in 2002, jobs have been impatient, Microsoft engineer development platform of computer software developed, it allows users to pen or pen input information on the screen. Some manufacturers released tablet PC this year using software, but have no effect on field. Jobs have been eager to prove no pen in how to use! But when he saw the development of apple is touch technology, he has decided to the first to use it in the iPhone. The first Apple computer was created in 1985s. It is name â€Å"Mac XL† By the end of 1985 apple MAC computers sold only 500000, no hit the two million mark, until 1988. Then they created â€Å"Mac128†, â€Å"Mac512†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"Quadra 700† that was the first apples new MAC computer sales specifically for enterprise and graphics professionals provided. And then they created Mac 9500. Computer Mac 9500 is the first based on the PowerPC and can replace CPU tower daughter card. And in recent years at 2003 they created the first flat-panel iMac. â€Å"We must always give our customers the pure sex. It is like a in the back seat of a car with a beautiful girl rendezvous. Peoples experience and personal computer should be able to give you the biggest high tide.† said by Jean-Louis. Apple iPhone  They use an iPod that makes calls. By 2005 iPod sales soared. A surprise number twenty million. One year, is equivalent to the amount of the first four years. IPod products more and more important, this year, the companys bottom line, accounting for 45% of revenue, And it is also exaggeration polishing company image, driving, MAC computer sales. The same thing will happen to iPod, if mobile manufacturers begin to build music player to their mobile phones. Everyone carry a cell phone, it will make iPod unnecessary. Customers will want to use the prospect that jobs and his team became excited, construct a phone call. Their original method is to modify the iPod. They tried to use track wheel as a way for users to roll call option. No keyboard, try to enter the Numbers. It is not a natural choice. At that time they had a second project in apple: A secret efforts to build a computer platform. In 2005, the story is divided, iPod idea actually from before, in order to help s hape the iPhone. The value of the Apple More than $50 billion has been cut off, science and technology giant apples market value as its share price slump. Share price dropped 12%, make poor iPhone in Christmas and Halloween sales plunged, mini iPod effect is the main reason for the company sales performance. The latest computer giant data showed that Mac sales fell 21.2% from the same period last year, Believe that the consumer is so infatuated with they buy the tablet PC, rather than a more expensive Mac computers. Some reports even claimed that smaller, cheaper iPod mini have similar influence on the size iPod sales. Because the Christmas iPhone sales not beautiful, apple shares dropped 12%, Apple Company is may lose it’s in intelligent mobile phone market dominant position. Conclusion  Since Jobs created the Apple Company and developed from 1976 to now. This company it also led to the growth of its ups and downs. And introduced Jobs grew up. Jobs dont like bundle, when he was a student. In 1985 Apple Company had the first computer they created. At 2003 they created the first flat-panel iMac. They use an iPod that makes calls. Their original method is to modify the iPod. They tried to use track wheel as a way for users to roll call option. No keyboard, try to enter the Numbers. It is not a natural choice. At that time they had a second project in apple: A secret efforts to build a computer platform. Then the iPhone was born. Due to the mini iPod encroach on apples profits, Mac computer sales profit rate is low, Former CEO Steve Jobs introduced the new iPhone in January 2007. Some have attributed the decline in sales to the underwhelming launch of the iPhone 5 and the rise in other smartphones.

KTSP: Teaching English As A Foreign Language

KTSP: Teaching English As A Foreign Language In the course of history since 1945 (Independence Year), the national curriculum of Indonesia had undergone changed into several times, namely in 1947, 1952, 1964, 1968, 1975, 1984, 1994, 2004 and the latest curriculum of KTSP 2006 (best understood as School Based Currriculum), those amendments are logically consequences of political issue, government system, social cultural, economic, science and technology changes in the living of state community (Soekisno, 2007, para. 1). Therefore, the curriculum as a set of educational plans should be developed dynamically in accordance with the demands and changes that occur in society. All Indonesias national curriculums were designed based on the same foundation, namely Pancasila (Philosophical foundation of the Indonesian Republic) and the 1945 constitution, the principal differences among those curriculums were only on emphasizing of educational goals and approaches to realize it. Continuing to improve the quality of education in order commensurate with others development countries, Indonesian government has made various changes, and continues to review the implementation of education in Indonesia. As known, the National Education Standards of Indonesia (BSNP) had regulated through Government Regulation (PP) No. 19 Year 2005 set eight contents of the Standards of Education, specifically Content Standard, Standard Process, Graduates Competency Standards, Educators Standards and Education Workforce, Infrastructure Standards , Management Standards, Financial Standards and Evaluation Standards. Simultaneously through that Government Regulation No.19 year 2005 affected to the direction of Indonesian curriculum development policies to implement its Content Standard (SK) and Graduate Competency Standard (SKL) where then being established through the Regulation of The Minister of National Education: Number 22, 23, 24 year 2006. These three regulations then further elaborated to be KTSP (School Based Curriculum) which is built and developed by each educational unit or school in Indonesia. According to Azumardi Azra (2006) explained that the changes in education in Indonesia means that there are two new paradigms emerged in education, shifting the orientation of the policy where previously being centralized to decentralized, then national education is more oriented to the learning process rather than results. Decentralized system means to implement the new breakthrough of School-Based Curriculum where much known as KTSP in Indonesia. KTSP which is then translated to be School-Based Curriculum (SBC), this kind of curriculum replaced its predecessor of Competence Based Curriculum (KBK) 2004. Mulyasa (2008) viewed nearly in every turn of the Ministry of Education will probably changes the curriculum. Its change of curriculum had implicated and affected the national education system of Indonesia; it had not only affected the learning climate in the classroom, as well as the readiness of the principal and subject teachers in effort to understand and apply the practice. In addition, Sutrisno Nuryanto (2008) viewed that the implementation has not optimally practice as a sequence of educational perpetrators who think KTSP differ with KBK. Meanwhile Suhadi (2006) argued in such of that assumption due to a priory attitudes and psychological resistance against the changes. Whereas the changes enhancing the operational practice of curriculum which are developed and implemented by each schools consisting of their own respective goals, local content perspectives, educational calendar and syllabus. KTSP which was being mandated by Ministry of National Education Indonesia (MoNE) through The National Education Standard Institution (BSNP) means to reinforce the implementation of its predecessor (read: KBK), it implies that KTSP still put pressure on developing students competencies, according to Fasli Bachruddin (2007) said that KTSP implementation will not be undergoing through a public test, because this curriculum has been tested through KBK which was being applied by several schools in a pilot project before the born of KTSP. This is then a following-up toward curriculum change in the context of regional autonomy and decentralization of education programmed by the government of Indonesia. The implementation of this curriculum is focused on three dimensions of students enrichment of knowledge (cognitive), attitude formation (affective) and behavior (psychomotor). On KTSP the school and teacher have an authority to decide the educational goals based on their own schools perspective, in other words, teacher have duties on: (1) construct and formulate the proper goal, (2) choose and construct the right lesson material according to the needs, interest and children development phase, (3) using various methods and teaching media, (4) and construct the program and the right evaluation. A curriculum should be made systematically and detail, which will ease the teacher on its implementation. However, KTSP faces major challenges related to integrate of local information, national, and international. Combining these integrations may only be solved by having resources which are prepared ahead of time, not by the teachers who prepared instantly through a variety of curriculum development assistance programs. More dangerous if the schools eventually just offered cheat or trace the guidelines were offered by National Education Standard (BSNP). If so, SBC will create the instant schools, stunted creativity while its very contrary to the mandate of the KTSP. Some of the reasons behind the needs for this research include (1) KTSP implementation needs to be evaluated simultaneously through qualitatively and quantitatively, and (2) the results of that evaluation can be made as the basic information for all policy decisions relate to educational elements in Riau Province especially at Indragiri Hilir Regency. Research Problem However, having launched on 2006, there were many issues discussed by experts and parties whose responsible for education, particularly in the implementation of School Based Curriculum (KTSP) which has inadequate human resources whose capable to interpret even elaborate it into the practice of educational unit , incompleteness of the supporting facilities of its implementation, the teachers do not understand KTSP as a whole, both in terms of concept and its implementation in schools and even still busy using the previous theory in the process of teaching and learning in classroom. In accordance with the principal of KTSP, all levels and types of education in Indonesia must develop their own curriculum based on their potential areas and students. This is supported by Minister of National Education Regulation No. 22 of 2006 on the Content Standards, as well as Minister of National Education Regulation No. 23 of 2006 on Graduates Competency Standards (SKL), these regulations mandate to the schools in order being required to prepare their own curriculum. However, this policy is not accompanied by teachers readiness even understanding, these generate the confusion among them while applying the KTSP. As informed by Curriculum Center 2010, the monitoring noticed about the implementation of KTSP has been conducted mostly in large areas, although majority of them still adopting from existing model of curriculum. Hopefully, with technical assistances that undertaken by various parties affect to the success of its development and helping their understanding on the concept and philosophy, and then encourage them to develop based on their respective conditions. There are always the various obstacles occurred during realizing the empowerment of schools and its KTSP, at the first, lack of ability is the main construct, by creating the development of staffs capabilities while providing technical assistance to particular regions could lead them to learn by doing. The instability of funding for the dissemination and socialization of KTSP causes Curriculum Center also experienced substantial cost-cutting measures, it impacts the perfect planning that has been initially organized became severely hampered in its implementation and also make the distrusting between local to Curriculum Center. But the best spirit of area in welcoming this new curriculum to be highly efficacious drug for the Curriculum Center to do the best in accordance with the appropriate quality needs, potentials and regional particularities. The Implementation of a new curriculum would potentially fail if it was be imprudent to consider the strength of human resources. As stated by Francis Hunkins (2004) argued that one reason may miscarry a new curriculum is that implementation has not been considered critical in curriculum development, further asserted that frequently new and innovative programs are blunted at classroom doors (p. 298). So, a new curriculum that is scientifically well may not necessarily be implemented or will be blunt its scientific in the classroom practice. Therefore, any problems arise due to the implementation of KTSP supposed to comprise more serious concern of Indonesian Government, especially Indonesian Ministry of National Education. Things that must be considered such as the following: Improving teachers quality and understanding toward relevant concepts of KTSP implementation. Providing such of facilities and infrastructure that can support the successful of KTSP implementation. Simultaneously help every educational unit in developing KTSP. Evaluating its process at provincial level to local district and regions. Whatever the responses from the concerning person/social in regard to the implementation of KTSP, school and teacher are the central to implement this school based curriculum, they themselves are potentially to overcome any weaknesses occur, if not it will be in vain. As suggested by Nana (2001) no matter on how good the curriculum is, but the results are highly dependent on what is being done by teachers and pupils in the classroom. It means the success of education through curriculum reformation will ultimately be determined by teacher as an executor of the curriculum, and school as a learning provider. Research Objectives This study aims to see how the implementation of School-Based Curriculum (Initialized as KTSP) in Junior High Schools and Senior High Schools as well as Madrasah at Riau province Indonesia, specifically it will be conducted in one part of Riau Province namely Indragiri Hilir Regency. Particularly the objective of this study is to assess the status of KTSP implementation in dimensions of context, input, process and product. To figure out the extent to which KTSP has been being implementing in High Schools and Madrasah To investigate the complexities of its implementation during 4 years running To find out the supporting facilities served by national and local government in its implementation Overall purpose of this study is to see the implementation of the KTSP in terms of context, input, process and product. Significance of the Study The result of this study will obtain some of the practical benefits as follows: The policy recommendations to Indonesian Ministry of Education (especially for Indragiri Hilir Ministry of Education) based on the objectives data that will be resulted at the end of the study. Information to the public (stakeholder and parents) For basic development of relevant curriculum materials accordance with local potentials and teacher competency standard. As reference to the theoretical basis for the development of KTSP paradigm based on schools potential needs on respect to its planning, implementation, and evaluation. Research Questions In overall objectives, this study will formulate the research questions based on the evaluation model of curriculum developed by Stufflebeam (1972); those are Context, Input, Process and Product. Thus the research questions are formulated as the following: Dimension of Context How do the English teachers at Indragiri Hilir Regency develop their own curriculum based on schools desires, students needs and local needs? How do they implement and integrate all aspects of KTSP to their lesson plan and teaching? Dimension of Input How the entire of KTSP documentation (Lesson Plan, teachers, curriculum development material, supporting facilities, infrastructure and media) have been held completely in every Junior High School, Senior High Schools and Madrasah at Indragiri Hilir Regency Riau? How does the Indragiri Hilir Education Ministry assists the schools to develop their teachers capability in developing and implementing KTSP? Dimension of Process How is the implementation of KTSP in Junior High School, Senior High Schools and Madrasah at Indragiri Hilir Regency Riau? How do they (Schools and teachers) evaluate its implementation? Dimension of Product How are the results of KTSP implementation? How the effect of KTSP implementation to students competence in English (Impact of teachers creativities in designing their own curriculum development) CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Literature Review As the latest curriculum on 2006 which is derived from KBK (CBC-Competence-Based Curriculum 2004), KTSP becomes a new breakthrough in the history of Indonesian education curriculum, which to progress its development to down-top approach. Contextually, KTSP develop by any groups or committees of the education unit or school/madrasah those under coordination and supervision of the National Indonesian Education Ministry and Local Indonesian Education Ministry. It emphasizes on developing the ability to perform competences and tasks with specific standards, so the results affect the students on mastery of a set of specific knowledge competencies, and values used in many fields of life. Indeed, KTSP is the curriculum that reflects the knowledge, skills and attitudes and also refers to the concept of education in turning to improve students potentiality optimally. Moreover, according to historical records, following the independence of the Republic of Indonesia, the Dutch language was replaced by English as the first foreign language, and has been recognized as such in Indonesia since 1955 (Alisjabana, 1976; de Han, 2003 as cited in Mochtar Marhum, n.d.). Since the 1980s, English has been considered to be the most important foreign language in Indonesia. The governments and communitys interest in English has been growing since the early 1990s (Alwasilah, 1997). This position of English can be traced from government documents on the results of Parliaments meetings. In the GBHN (The Guidelines of the State Policy) 1983 and 1988, foreign language policy was not incorporated. However, in the GBHN 1993, the policy on foreign languages, particularly English, was clearly stipulated. The policy related to the use and mastery of English. In 1988, Government Regulation No. 55, 56 and 57/1988 changing Government Regulation No. 28, 29/990 was introduced. It confirmed the use of English in schools. Moreover, Government Regulation of No 57/1957/1988 confirmed the use of English as a foreign language and as a means of communication in the university. Subsequently, it was incorporated into Government Regulation No 60/1999 on the use of English in all higher education. Alwasilah (1997) suggested that the need for mastery of English in the globalization era was absolutely necessary. In addition, it would be ideal if the mastery of English became the mastery of second language (p. 89). Yet, the unique of this KTSP hopefully bring the new education model to the success of Indonesian education. The development of a KTSP is a new phenomenon for the school community in Indonesia, consequently, in the early stage of its implementation some obstacles were found in a number of schools. The freedom of schools to create their own curriculum which is relevant with the needs of students cannot be fully implemented (Harry Burhanudin, 2008). The general model of it which is being developed as a model and fully adopted by a number of schools has tended to cause a similar curriculum among schools as to what was being implemented in the centralistic era. The change in the role of schools from curriculum implementer to curriculum developer has made the school community confused. The capacity of school community to analyze the conditions and needs of the students and implement them in school curriculum needs to be further improved. Therefore, school assistance through professional development programs provided for the head teachers and teachers in the context of this kind of school based curriculum is still considered important for several years to come. In line with the school assistance, capacity building of the educational management in autonomous regions (regency/municipality) managing the curriculum development still remains to be completed A number of studies have been carried out to investigate its implementation, in a previous study conducted on 2008 where located in Jambi province of Indonesia revealed (Sutrisno Nuryanto, 2008) that KTSP to all levels (Elementary Schools, Junior and Senior High Schools) having less applicable in term of (a) KTSP developmental preparation, (b) syllabus development, (c) teachers self development, (d) integrated learning, (e) local content development, (f) outcomes assessment, and (g) report process (p. 27). As such the issue above, implementation in this context leads to the true readiness of Jambi province in anticipating of changes toward educational paradigm from a previously centralized to decentralized. For example, KTSP which was launched on the late 2006 more emphasis on school autonomy through developing their own curriculum according to local needs and wisdoms, means Indonesian curricula is no longer centralized nationally and it is mandated on Indonesian Regulation No. 22 legislated in 1999 by the republic of Indonesia (R.I). Regarding local government, decentralization implies that the authority to implement and manage education shall be transferred from the national government to local districts or municipal government levels. At this point Sutrisno Nuryanto (1998) also asserted that the teachers rules as facilitator in KTSP elements have not been working as the schools and committees expectations. Furthermore, on different angle reported as the following: The real condition shows that the paradigm shift is not necessarily accompanied by better result. A number of problems still advance in Jambi while on level of provinces, cities and countries. First, not all sectors which are directed to educational policy have human resources competent to formulate the technical policy and its implementation. Second, the increasingly of dominant political intervention in determining of policy and implementation, contextually in line with the trend of autonomy, bureaucratic chain is very closely possible to having dominantly power to education. (Sutrisno Nuryanto, 1998 p. 24). In a sense, it is important to consider the argument rose on where the KTSP developed, Endo viewed from this perspective that KTSP is similar to the concept of School-Based Curriculum Development (SBCD) in Australia which had begun to set on the mid-1970s, the discourse was in essence of giving more freedom in determining the curricula by the schools members (Endo, 1997). SBCD has several characteristics that are generally similar to SBC development in Indonesia, proved on through the participation of teachers, participation of the whole or part of school staffs; range of activities including selection (choice of a number of alternative curriculum), adaptation (modification of existing curriculum), and creation (designing a new curriculum); responsibilities transformation from centralist to decentralist (not terminating of responsibilities) and a continuation process among the community and stake-holders (to assist teachers and schools). Other studies have indicated, however, Indonesian KTSP is not derived from SBCD in Australia, such on this argument Wachyu (2009) argued KTSP is having the differentials factors from SBCD in Australia, KTSP is an integrated curriculum combining between the Top-Down and Bottom-Up approach that was being confirmed in USPN (Legislation of Indonesian National Education Standard) on chapter X, article 36 and 37, USPN revealed that Indonesian curriculum development is based on National Education Standard (SNP) and considerately pay attention on learners potential diversities, schools diversities and local needs. In Chapter 38 also states that the structure and framework of the curriculum of primary and secondary schools are determined by the government. Therefore, KTSP divided into core (subjects are tested nationally) and local subjects that are developed by each educational unit based on the assessment of its potential, including the content to develop learners personality and potential based on his interest in the form of extra-curricular activities. While SBCD in Australia tend to apply bottom-up approach, the entire process and the stages of curriculum based on the potential school. As confirmed by Skillbeck (1991) that School based curriculum is a process when some or all members of a school take part on planning, implementation, and evaluation on the aspects or elements of the curriculum (Sklill beck, 1991, as cited in Wachyu, 2009, p. 2). Decentralized curriculum; such of designing, implementing and controlling (evaluation and improvement) carried out through locally by each educational unit, teachers who design its curriculum working together with experts, schools committee/madrasah and others part of society. KTSP development could include all components of the curriculum or some only, instead of compilation can be done by a group or all teachers with regard to the needs of each school in accordance with the conditions in each educational unit or its surrounding communities. KTSP will be more meaningful because of the different situations in a certain local condition that lead to the fulfillment of needs, demands and local development. It will produce a variety of design but more easily to understand, mastered and implemented by teachers due to their involvement in expanding KTSP. Particularly the center of curriculum by Indonesian Education Ministry (2007) has pointed out also the advantages and its shortcomings, the advantages are taking on (1) KTSP is accordance with the needs, conditions, and on diversities which every local communities have, auto assist in developing society, (2) more easily to carry out due to the designs that have been prepared by teachers considering the local factors that really support to develop. Instead, it has also several shortcomings, (1) not all teachers have the expertise or skills in curriculum development then, not every local schools have the teachers or an expert that proficiently in developing such of it, (2) contently localized, the graduate can be lack of ability to participate the national competitiveness, (3) various designs that lead to the complexity of monitoring and evaluating in term of national learning outcomes, (4) transferring students from certain schools to another schools can cause difficulties (Center for the Development of Curriculum, 2007). Recent reports have noted, researched by Wachyu Sundayana (2009), a number of 60 English teachers from junior and senior high schools spread of 24 regencies and cities in West Java Indonesia were being selected, most teachers who participated in this study had trained and socialized about KTSP. He organized the research questions on (1) How are English teachers understanding about KTSP, (2) How are their perceptions on the development of KTSP, (3) What complexities were raising during implementing and developing its curriculum. This study showed the development of KTSP in every unit of educations especially junior high schools and MTs (Madrasah) in West Java are still not in line with the stages of development as suggested in the guidelines of BSNP (Institution of National Education Standard). Data collection showed most teachers (74%) know what KTSP was, but they were not clear to what function they have in practice, implement and develop KTSP, for the same reason Faizah and Ismono studied for investigating the readiness of chemistry teachers (Bangkalan district of Madura), according to their finding that Chemistry teachers from five schools were not ready to apply, the percentage just reached on 60% (Faizah Ismono, 2008, as cited in Yuli Eko Siswono, n.d). Simultaneously with the finding of Wachyu Sundayana study, the complexities on its implementation concluded as follows: (1) lack of supporting facilities of the schools, (2) incompleteness of KTSP guidance that received by teachers, (3) KTSP guideline was not detailed and clear, (4) teachers understanding on KTSP documents. These data are consistent with the finding of research conducted by Miftahul Jannah (2008) showing about teachers abilities are low in developing syllabus and lesson plan, most of respondents (75%) stated about their inabilities in developing syllabus but just copying and duplicating the examples from BSNP without having a preliminary investigation throughout students potentials and schools needs. Most of interviewing respondents admit to their complexities in making a good syllabus and lesson plan lines with the students and schools needs. This fact showed that teachers having a great plague to develop among the stage on SBC (Miftahul Jannah, 2008, as cited in Wa chyu Sundayana, 2009. p. 7). Regarding Riau province, whole schools on current educational year 2009/2010 are progressing to adapt KTSP, such socialization have always done, it felt as complexity because the entire process of being centralize to decentralize doesnt much understand by some teachers, referring to the function of teachers on KTSP, teachers are together with schools members to develop KTSP based on students potential and local needs (UUD No. 20 year 2003/article 37). In fact, it is of utmost importance to examine what we could learn from prior and present efforts to bring about the strategies that are currently progressed by BSNP to help every educational unit in developing its curriculum. Harianti (2008) explained although the authority of national curriculum development has changed. It is not making a sense for curriculum center to lose their jobs, the task change progressively to assist schools to prepare their own respective curricula. Furthermore, she points out the job responsibility is not seem to be easy, nowadays, there are a large number of schools in Indonesia contains 43.461 (elementary schools), 12.731 (junior high schools), 4.499 (senior high school) and 2.655 (vocational high schools), yet, not including Early Childhood education, Extraordinary Schools and Madrasah. It does not allow for curriculum center helps one by one, there should be a strategy then schools can develop their own curricula (para. 2). The expectation is that they can develop a curriculum, becoming true backbone in improving local human resources through education in national or even in international competitiveness. Empowerment the schools and community in developing KTSP done through a technical assistance, both at the provincial level as well as at the level of district/city, at the provincial level expected to present a TPK (Curriculum Development Team) whose responsibility to provide the information and give assistances on the development of KTSP to TPK at the level district. Empowerment at the provincial level such as Riau is concentrated in the area of curriculum development till the teams performing evaluation and monitoring its implementation based on their own respective regions, beside at the district level is concentrated on the ability of the team to perform in school curriculum development assistance. KTSP where commonly known as school based curriculum gone to be discussed for a long, the broad study of Marsh Collin et.al (1990) on their final finding of School based curriculum development had suggested through sub of specifics SBCD issues: The key actors involved in political decisions about schooling in their respective countries tend to use several terms to describe or promote their efforts. Such term include quality of schooling, school-improvement, school-focused improvement, self-managing school, and many others. Be that as it may, there are a number of interesting issues about SBCD and (its synonyms) which are currently of considerable interest and are likely to remain so in the immediate future. They include: The role of parents and students in decision making Financial management by schools Professional development for teachers Teacher appraisal School evaluation Pressure of tightening central control (As cited in Marsh Colin, et.al, 1990, pp. 206-207) There are always the various obstacles occurred in realizing the empowerment of schools and its KTSP, at the first, lack of ability is the main construct, by creating the development of staffs capabilities while providing technical assistance to particular regions could lead them to learn by doing. The instability of funding for the dissemination and socialization of KTSP causes Curriculum Center also experienced substantial cost-cutting measures, it impacts the perfect planning that has been initially organized became severely hampered in its implementation and also make the distrusting between local to Curriculum Center. But the best spirit of area in welcoming this new curriculum to be highly efficacious drug for the Curriculum Center to do the best in accordance with the appropriate quality needs, potentials and regional particularities. As informed by Curriculum Center (2010), the monitoring noticed about the implementation of KTSP has been conducted mostly in large areas, although majority of them still adopting from existing model of curriculum. Hopefully, with technical assistances that undertaken by various parties affect to the success of its development and helping their understanding on the concept and philosophy, and then encourage them to develop based on their respective conditions. Furthermore, the Curriculum center toward its official website released about the uniqueness of KTSP implementation in term of schools needs diversities, Although the two junior high schools are located in the adjacent neighborhood but it was very much different pupils conditions. The A school whose current learners come from upper and middle class of socio-economic with having high academic achievement, all of them want to continue on to university. On the other hand, the B school whose majorities of learners come from disadvantaged of socio-economic, plan to graduate soon and earning money is a primary goal of schooling. Both of these two schools will develop a very different curriculum. School A will focus on studies with higher order thinking that enables learners to have high academic thinking in leading them to continue university. While school B will enrich the subjects with several activities that cultivate the skills to work so that learners feel a sense of great beneficial skills after graduating from school B. There a lot of researchers have investigated about KTSP. Specifically on its implementation, based on the reviewing above some researchers had focused on the effectiveness on its evaluation based on the real phenomenon which occurred in the real situation of the schools, the writer although cannot find the way of th

Love And Rejection: Breaking Up :: essays research papers

Love and Rejection: Breaking Up Some felt they were a modern day Romeo and Juliet. The reality, however, is that they were a heartbreaking example of what can go wrong with adolescents.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Christian Dalvia, 14 and Maryling Flores, 13 were sweethearts who were forbidden by Flores' mother to see each other. In early November, 1995, the young couple met one last time. Standing at the edge of a Florida canal, they joined hands and jumped 15 feet into the cold, murky water to their deaths.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Their deaths may sound romantic, even heroic to other teenagers when, in actuality, it's just plain stupid. There were probably many other reasons for their deaths, but ultimately, the thought of not being together tortured to the point of wanting to take their own lives. This is a very extreme example of what can go wrong with teenage heartbreak. One minute they're inseperable - sharing their most intimate thoughts and details - the next minute they are faces across a crowded room or polite acquaintances at best. These are the consequences that come along with a breakup.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We teens hear about love all around us, in music and movies, on TV, in stories. We hear that love will make us happy. We hear that single people are lonely. We are told that if we are not part of a couple, we are not complete. We all want to be part of this thing called ‘love'.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Okay, we get a boyfriend or girlfriend, now everything should be perfect. But, it's not perfect, because life never is. It is easy to become disappointed. Feelings can change. One person may decide to say good-bye. When that happens, the one left behind will feel rejected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rejection means choosing between one thing and another. The one who feels rejected thinks as if they are not good enough. It hurts. When the person you love decides to leave you, it is even more painful. Does rejection mean failure? No. The end of a relationship means that the boyfriend or girlfriend decided that s/he wanted a change. The reasons for this are within the ex - not within the rejected person. No one is a less valuable person because their boyfriend or girlfriend's feelings have changed. What To Expect   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are nine stages of rejection that almost all â€Å"dumpees† must go through. The pain may be awful, but each stage is part of the healing process. The stages may not follow in an exact order, but they will all be experienced. The Denial Phase: â€Å"This can't be happening.† During this stage, people may find themselves waiting for the phone to ring and not believing that the

Flood of Epic of Gilgamesh and Book of Genesis of the Holy Bible :: Epic Gilgamesh essays

  The Flood of Gilgamesh  Ã‚     Perhaps the most popular comparison with Noah's Flood is that of an ancient Babylonian story of a similar flood. A quick look at the text does show some key similarities between them however there are also some pointed differences. I will show you both and let you decide whether there is or is not a connection.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First let us look at the similarities:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *It is set in the Iraqi/Turkey area.....similar to the Biblical Flood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *A man is warned by a god to build a ship so he could survive a coming flood, sent by the divine powers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *The man is told to save himself, his family, and a sampling of all living things.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *The boat was to be sealed with resin inside and out.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *A set time is made by the divinity for the flood to begin.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *The flood includes both rain and water from the surface.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *The flood covered the mountains.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *The boat came to rest on a mountain first.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *Birds were released to test for whether or not the waters had receeded.   In the Biblical account, a raven and a dove were released. In the Gilgamesh account, a dove, swallow, and raven were released.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *Once out of the boat, the man offers a sacrifice to the divinity which brings comfort to the divinity at the sweet scent of the sacrifice.         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Now for the differences:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *The Babylonian tale never says why the gods chose to save the man in the story. It was pretty much dumb luck.   In the Bible, Noah was a rightous man amidst a population of evil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *The boat dimensions are quite different. The boat in the story of the Babylonian flood is a cube, equal on all sides. While in the Bible, Noah is told to build his Ark in a 450x75x45 ratio. This ratio is what is known to ship builders as the perfect ratio for stabilty for a boat but it was not known until the 15th century AD.   The Gilgamesh boat, being equal on all sides, would have been wildly unstable and unseaworthy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   *The Babylonian man   took seven days to build his boat while Noah took 120 years. Why would such a numerology rich people use such a non-numerology number as 120 when seven was already in the story?

Supply Chain Management :: Business Case Studies Essays

In this competitive world every organization is striving hard to be at the top in its own field. The competition in the business environment has become intense. The winds of change are blowing in purchasing and supply. And it is one of the areas that the organisations look into for achieving competitive advantage. The changes in conformance quality standards, JIT approaches to material availability, long term relationships with fewer suppliers and a win-win approach to negotiations have helped organisations to survive and succeed in a very competitive world. It's every organisations dream to have a low cost supplier and a low cost service provider to its customers. In this changing world of competition, globalisation, innovation and technology all organisations are thriving to re-engineer their business processes to achieve a competitive edge over others. These changes have led the organisations to cost effectiveness aspect in every department of business especially supply, purchasing, distribution and management. In terms of tough competition organisations offer similar products in terms of quality, price and features. Customer service differentiation can provide an organisation with a distinct advantage over the competition. The level of service provided to functions such as marketing and production affects the organisations ability to serve the need of the customers. The organisation can achieve competitive success if they satisfy the customers through their services effectively and efficiently. This is achieved if they are capable of retaining their customers. A greater customer satisfaction is achieved by a superior service provided by the organisation. This is achieved if the business functions are well defined and are supported by other functions. This report gives an insight about the various aspects of supply chain management and operational management and also the important strategies involved. It also explains the importance of managing the supply chain in the business perspective. v Before proceeding further its important for us to know what supply chain is and what supply chain is about? Supply chain: In an industrialized or non-industrialized society goods are physically moved from production area to the service area. This exchange takes place when there is discrepancy between the amount and type of goods available and the goods needed. If there is surplus amount of goods in organisation that someone else needs, becomes a basis for exchange. This gives rise to channels where there is an exchange between producers and consumers. The alignment of firms that bring products and services to market is called supply chain.

Understanding Economics

From as long as I could remember Taxes have always been apart of our daily lives. Taxes can often be a big burden for most, they can also be a help and used for many other functions. If it was not for taxation our roads, public buildings would be a complete mess. Our emergency services such as, law enforcement, EMT, and Fire/rescue thrive off of tax dollars, many of our healthcare offices also use tax payers money to stay open. The taxing process from distribution to collecting them has people on the fence with different point of views.In this paper I will be discussing the questions raised about taxation. What happens to net personal income when the government raises taxes? When the government raises taxes, it will decrease your net personal income. As the government raises taxes, most people’s net personal income will decrease, which means that their disposable income decreases as well. When this happens people tend to spend less money only to avoid going into debt, which wi ll soon affect the market’s income because they are no longer buying goods and services with their disposable income.This problem will eventually lead to a decrease in total tax revenue as the gross incomes of the population can drop. When the government lowers taxes? When the government lowers taxes people feel more comfortable with spending more of their money. Lower taxes allow the population to buy more goods and services because they know that their money will go a long way. The lowering of taxes along with a controlled government over looking spending will have a fast and positive effect on the economy. People spending more money will not only stimulate the economy, but will eventually lead to more jobs.Lower taxes equals’ happy people and a better economy. How is GDP affected by higher taxes and Lower taxes? The Gross domestic product (GDP) is affected when the government brings in more taxes then they spend, reducing disposable income and slowing the growth of the economy. That is when Fiscal policy comes into place causing some type of stabilization to the economy along with higher taxes. According to E-how, â€Å"Tax cuts mean more disposable income for individuals and more retained earnings for businesses. The impact on the GDP depends on what individuals and businesses do with the extra cash.If households buy more goods and businesses increase hiring and capital equipment purchases, the GDP will increase. A reduction in taxes also means less revenue for the government at all levels, which generally leads to lower government spending, higher deficits or both ( eHow. com, 2012). † What other economic factors are affected when taxes are raised or lowered, and how are they affected? Other economic factors that are affected by the rise and falling of taxes are, sales tax, healthcare, and major government programs.When sales tax is raised it puts a financial strain on employers and individuals, and will result in job loss. Healthcare services thrive off of the rise in taxes and when taxes fall they suffer tremendously. Low income families depend on these services and without the proper funds. Government programs are affected when revenue result in increased taxes. When this happens, these government funded programs has to increase their budgets. Once funds start coming in slowly then these programs such as, military, FBI, Medicare, Medicaid, , and social security, once taxes are increased these programs are able to maintain.â€Å"In fiscal year 2009, state governments spent 40 percent of their budgets on K-12 and higher education and 26 percent of their budgets on social programs such as Medicaid, transportation, corrections and public assistance. Funding for the following programs increase as tax revenues increase (eHow. com, 2012). † Should the government increase tax rates on everyone as a way to equalize incomes and wealth? No, the government should not raise taxes on everyone, only for those who are extremely wealthy like Earvin ‘Magic’ Johnson, who is worth $700 million.The middle class are going to suffer from the tax increase. This is a political problem that will cause more headaches for everyone and will probably end with the middle class paying more in taxes. Now we know that taxes will make or break things in this nation, and will cause a lot of debates amongst government officials. Taxes will be around forever and we have to get use them changing, I have discussed the questions about the taxing process and I hope you will take something from it.

How Advertising Influence Youth Attitude Toward Dressing

pass epoch learning Report on How announce influence youth military stockpileure toward book binding UNDER GUIDANCE Mr. Vishal Jain cut finished OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (RETAIL trade) SUBMITTED BY Mr. TARUN KUMAR REG. no. 720593065 PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY JALANDHAR (Punjab) ACKNOWLEGEMENT Through this seminar written subject atomic number 18a I want to throw the white on the topic How advertise influence youth position towards execute uping, it split ups me im hapsse fun to inclose my training survey report before my mentors. With deep sense of gratitude I would exchange suitable to harbour this opport building block of mea acceptedmenties thank my skilful project guide Mr.Vishal Jain This report incorpopaces bandagey instructions, which squander cultivaten home plate in the field of advertize as intumesce as modal appraise during drop dead 25 or 50 geezerhood or so. I protest ac stackingly tried to provide a report, which feeds a p recise and up-to- conflict view of trade in a lucid and unfermented behavior. It is an attempt to correlate the immature- doctor trade strategies and factual part of the billet. Later on plot discussing the reactions of assorted classes of raft, the interplay of commercial messageizeing and advertising factors, which profoundly influence the behavior of large numbers debase a harvest-feast, has been duly emphasized.E rattlingthing has been acquainted in a simplified and lissom form, illustrated by advantageously-chosen representative display cases. end-to-end the report, presentation of fabric has been sharpened by inclusion of data report. I roll atomic number 53 e trulyplace do a precise unprejudiced attempt towards clear chthonicstanding of the report. My indefinable gratitude is to the supreme guide who enables me to bring up my ideas into the concrete forms. legion(predicate) people clear contri plainlyed in the preparation of the report. I communicate my since take a breath convey and indebtedness to Ms. Gagandeep for inspiring me in the learning of my project.I leave behind be real(prenominal) grateful to my mentors and seniors and inquisitive executives for constructive critique of report and their suggestions for its further improvement. My heartfelt thanks be repayable to them. Tarun Kumar CONTENTS 1. display 2. biography 3. RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 4. harsh chord-card monte CARLO & COTTON COUNTY 5. late ARRIVALS 6. round OF lit 7. INDIAN DRESSING 8. COSTUMES FOR BOYS 9. NEED OF MARKETING STRATEGIES 10. ORGANISATION OF MARKETING STRATEGIES 11. OBJECTIVES & RESEARCH methodology 12. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY. 13. ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION 14. conclusion 15. BIBLOGRAPHY 16.QUESTIONAIRE INTRODUCTION Hearing is to for entranceting, seeing is to recording, doing is to at a land placestanding. advertising is somewhat(prenominal) an art and a occupancy it tells the human beingly concern at with c hild(p) to the highest degree the uncommittedness of a ingathering unre f altogether guyably a consumer article and persuades the people by with(predicate) oral, visual and emotional appeals to buy the reaping. It presents an article in an attractive, respectable and proudly effective way. Yet, homogeneous a nonher(prenominal) arts it lies in concealing it self. To put it dissimilarly, advertisement of a certain product persuades us in a subtle way that we arrogate its any daytimeized virtues as facts.Wearing clothe with honored strike off takes seems to be in truth entailmentant for adolescents. This phenomenon was studied in the context of consumer socialization by examining the influence of three socialization agents, touch al matchless p atomic number 18nts, peers and TV, on the development of French Canadian adolescents disgrace esthesia and their relative tradeance. Controlling for socio-economic variables, multiple fixing analyses were precedee d separately for boys and for girls. For both genders, soil name esthesia is related to peer influence. Girls put up esthesia is related to the minuteance fathers roll to enclothe dishonors.TV ikon is not related to adolescents spot sensitivity. For boys and girls, peers represent the most substantial forecaster of this consumer socialization. The results argon discussed in the light of social and economic pressures and family relationships. announce influences the youth spot towards readying to a larger limit and has broad impact on the purchase order and out have a bun in the oven of an individual constitution. Fashions in dress apply been trust outlayy since the dawn of civilization. Fashions be meant to demonstrate the status of a person.Advertisements gather in an appeal to our emotions and desires by associating the advertised smirchs with prevalent personalities such(prenominal) as film stars and frisksman. The room of advertising some the dresses combines pictures or car to a faultns with open slightly knavish phrases, musical stemmas, and voice of advertising model, knock-down(prenominal) visual appeal. That is why they atomic number 18 most popular and most valuable of maxly. Advertising influences consumers subconscious mind. youth tries to immediate the dressing sense of celebrities. Advertising has revolutionized the merc potise of outfit manufacturing.In advertising eachthing is do to fand so forth the eyes of consumers and push up the sales. Thats why William Shakespe ar remarked, app bel ost proclaims the man. Summarizing, in a nutshell here is a report, which has been do by thoroughly toilettevass wholly(prenominal) the aspects of advertising world, Youth attitude towards dressing, commercialise study and so forth anicteric criticism of the report is perpetu exclusivelyy welcomed. HISTORY Ludhiana is an secondant ripple abide center located in North state of Punjab ( most 400km from Delhi) . much than fractional(a) of the countrys hosepipe products be supplied from here.Commonly cognise as the Manchester of India and besides as the industrial bully of half-size scale perseverance, the city has a business community of interests that has proved its entrepreneurial strength all oer the world. It has a long storey in producing knitwear for the Indian commercialise and is go throughn for its fleeceen/ mix knitwear including sweaters, pulloers and so on The give-and-take knitwear is derived from the word hose, which means tubular that describes the fix in which the stuff was create from raw stuff, e pickyly for socks. The eldest fleece knitwear unit was probably open in the last hug drug of the 19th century (maybe 1894) in Ludhiana for manufacturing socks. any(prenominal) former(a)s put the date as in the front decade of the twentieth century. Its origin goat be traced to migrants from Kashmir, who settled in Ludhiana by and by a famine in Ka shmir in 1933. These migrants brought with them attainment of weave ok fleecelenen stuffs and embroidery. Their skills were commercialized by the local traders who sought grocerys indoors Punjab and beyond. In 1935, the intentness saw its first change with philippic create from raw stuff utensils introduced in the persistence. They started manufacturing sweaters on these cable cars with want plant fleece plant plant apply as raw material.The number turning lay in the history of this clustering was the world of Flat Knitting machines during 1940s and during the aforementi championd(prenominal) outcome, the application started importing fleece for manufacturing sheepskinlenlen products. The Ludhiana knitwear constancy cluster eminently-developed during the second world war, when the fleece jerseys were in bang-up demand. In 1947 the Muslim population that migrated to Pakistan after partition, owned most of the machines so thusly the local population and the immigrants from Pakistan sustained this application. craftsmanship grew smoothly for next four decades. Myanmar was a very(prenominal) definitive commercialize for Ludhiana knitwear public treasury the 1950 i. . before the Myanmar political relation imposed import restrictions. In the corresponding socio-economic class the regime of India in addition imposed restriction on imports and most of the inputs i. e. machines, charterles and so onat that time were universe import. The import restriction thus fostered development of endemic machine manufacturing businesss, go around mill just just about etc. Before the breakup of Russia into CIS, it was the largest trade for the woolens made in Ludhiana. The breaking up of Russia obligate Ludhiana to explore for sore grocery stores. address thence the focus of the cluster was to a greater extent often than not on woolen products in the swallow priced sh be.During the period of 1980s, the industriousness saw anformer(a)(prenominal) change with introduction of automatic and calculatorised create from raw material machines. During 1981, the evince government had set up a knitwear center with technological and pecuniary assistance from UNDP and UNIDO, ho using the most modern engineering science and equipment. The collapse of Russian food commercialize resulted in a major shakeout in the patience and several leading producers were forced out of business altogether. At the aforesaid(prenominal) time the crises created a new multiplication of performrs, who learnt from Tirupur, Delhi and Bombay to thrive by shifting their business from pass wear to summer wear.This image shift unconstipatedtually resulted in Ludhiana sightly to a greater extent of a cotton and summer wear manufacturing center, era retaining its dominance in the home(prenominal) help woolen market. Ludhiana has seen an colossal industrial suppuration in the last 8 age due to signifi deposet improv ements in the law and order situation and a conducive atmosphere for Industrial proceeds. In order to attract the entrepreneurs to set industries, the State Government is providing benefits such as industrial parks and industrial estates as central bills. Although it is a extremely force intense effort so far on that point is no systematic approach for providing training to the give out force.The importance of the Ludhiana knitwear cluster is evident from the side get facts * in that location ar about 12000 modest units in the Ludhiana cluster *The resume unbending investment funds in plant and machinery is Rs 300crores *Per capita investment in plant and machinery is Rs. 2. 13 hundred thousand *The cluster is producing products worth Rs 5000 crores in a year. *The cluster provides direct and indirect betrothal to nearly 5 lakh persons *Per capita profession is 28 persons *The rate of merchandiseings is or so Rs 1300crores *Knitwear trades from Ludhiana has bee n exploitation at the rate of 25% since 1995 *Its office in total garb merchandiseations from India is around 3% More than 90% of woolen knitwear action of the country is from Ludhiana This atomic number 18a comprises of just about big organised composite manufacturers desire Oswal woollenen mill around, Oswal Knit India (Pringle), Greatway, R N Oswal, Pee Jay Inter content etc. that take a crap a susceptibility of 0. 5 1. 0 cardinal million million pieces each. In addition at that place argon numerous medium and wee scale units catering to local and export markets. The delicate-scale units be engage in several(a) activities manage go around of ribbon, tint and touch on of recite and textile, knit stitch, cutting, firing holing and besideston stitching, washing and dry cleaning and give chase manufacturing.This empyrean is a perfect example of ancillarisation and sub contacting in the country. The deep root knitwear persistence in Ludhiana consist s of both circular and humdrum bed knit stitch capacity. coordinate knits, jacquards and fancy knits atomic number 18 e finically from this centre. railcar stripers, velour & feeder stripers be other ready(prenominal) options. cotton wools, acrylic fiber resin resin resins, rayon conk outs & woolen knitwear drudgery is facilitated by an easy access to story turnout in the same region. The overall proficient status is very low disallow a hardly a(prenominal) enterprises. The machinery and equipments argon locally manufactured and ar low in efficiency and woodland.The illusion and finishing technology is risque gearly polluting and consumes high amounts of energy and water. The knitwear manufacture of Ludhiana which has emerged as the largest self-sufficient sector in itself and has a huge potential of maturing into an r arfied industrial name. Considering the size and potential of the Ludhiana Knitwear pains, it bath be safely said that it leave al wiza rd soak up a signifi cig artt character reference to play in the changing planetary trading environment. It is in that respectfore high time for the industry to become globosely competitory and to make concentrated efforts. Analysis of occupation Operations ProductThe Ludhiana knitwear industry is a well-diversified industry. Product-wise it can be divided into devil of the essence(predicate) sectors i. e. summer wear and winter wear. The master(prenominal) product for winter wear be sweaters, woolen socks, pullovers, cardigans, thermal wear, gloves, muffler, b art caps, shawls, jackets, jersey, and blankets, tour for the summer wear the main product atomic number 18 T-shirts, cotton and immingle socks, downstairs line ups, knit bed sheet, create from raw stuff skirts, create from raw stuff tops, sports wear, wickedness suits etc. Semiformal create from raw material made from double mercerized cottons amalgamate with viscose and bed linen made for summer wear a the worry wane into product basket of the Ludhiana luster. Raw material some of the raw material is locally operable. cotton plant, Wool, acrylic resin, Polyester, Nylon and cellulose xanthate atomic number 18 the main raw material used in the knitwear industry. Cotton is forthcoming in abundance as India is producing 1. 6 to 1. 7 million bales of cotton all year. plainly due to poor fictional character of Indian wool, generally the nice wool is imported from Australia, unexampled Zealand or southeastward Africa. Other synthetic fibres like acrylic paint, Polyester, Nylon and cellulose xanthate argon available indigenously. in that respect ar about 200 spinning units, which set about cotton, woolen and blended storys. About 25% story is likewise exported from Ludhiana.With join ond direct of Aw atomic number 18ness d wizard various(a) exposure visits to Italy and mainland China and interaction with the foreign buyers, Ludhiana manufacturers restrain begu n to use new form varieties of recount. The unshakables atomic number 18 either importing these new varieties of train of thoughts from China, Australia and modernistic Zealand or producing them in-house. Feather yarn and hook yarn ar examples of newly developed yarns. in that location is some collective yarn import withal universe make at Ludhiana. The fabrics used in the summer wear are locally knitted and use pure and blended cotton yarns and also synthetic yarns such as polyester, polyester cotton, polyester viscose etc.Besides the to a higher place, there are various embellishments and materials requirement in the industry such as simplytons, zip fasteners, sewing gets, thread lining materials, tapes, laces, labels, packaging material etc. that are easily available in India though not of very high calibre in Ludhiana. In the annotate sector, various dyes and chemicals are used for processing and finishing of yarns, fabrics and garments. Machines Ludhiana has ab out 4000 circular create from raw stuff machines out of which 1500 are plenteousy automatic. There are about 500 smooth computerized, 120 fully fashion and 50 to 60 thousand hand flat knit machines.There are local manufacturers who not only cater to the Ludhiana market hardly also tag on throughout India. Many of the manufacturers having financial muscle import machinery from Italy, Germany, Taiwan, Korea etc. Of late there has been a planning of importing second hand reconditi angiotensin-converting enzymed machinery from these nations low the TUFS scheme and many units are availing this mental quickness. This machinery is untold ahead of what is called advance in the Indian context. This gives a technological uplift to the industry and in turn extends the select of the produce.There are 300 small and medium process houses. nigh of them are traditional dyeing plants using hank dyeing. The number of package and fabric dyeing units are very a couple of(prenominal). The machinery used in dyeing is mostly indigenous while a lot of imported. Machinery is cosmos used in finishing disdain the fact that there is 25% import barter on machines. The import profession on the spare parts of these imported machines is 52% which means that the maintenance of these machines becomes a make uply affair and is thus a detaining factor. There are around 25 units that are using imported machinery only.The machinery that is locally available does not match the lineament and productivity cosmos offered by the foreign suppliers. Some of the manufacturers line up that this commerce social organisation is a result of deliberate efforts to belowprice machinery. The machinery being imported is through indenters, which are around 25 in number. at once machinery import is approximately negligible. These indenters also give after sale service. Workforce The Ludhiana knitwear industry is highly labour-intensive. It is estimated that the Industry has employed 5l akh persons. pop out of which, to a greater extent than then 2lakh are employed Indirectly. The model of contracted labour prevails in the industry because of it being a sequenceal industry and also to rid of the factories act. These indirect activities are related to the forward and backward linkages at bottom the industry such as tailoring, embroidery, packaging, sell and merchandise etc. The labour available is migratory labour and is mostly un good. though there are training courses being run locally, these are not being extensively used. Women workers, a major equirement of the garment industry is only 2% in number at Ludhiana. Although the biased attitude of the entrepreneurs towards women has been largely taken care of yet there is much to be d star. practiced hands is available plainly skilful inputs are mostly devoted by the entrepreneur themselves who prepare practical industry experience and better k presentlyledge gained by secondary sources. This is the re ason why training take aims are negligible in the cluster. The payment levels are low and despite the availability of victors, their employment is very limited.There is a want of professional attitude amongst the managers and is being taken care of by unit level training programmes. Entrepreneurial Background well-nigh of the entrepreneurs in Ludhiana are self-made businessmen, who learnt the barter while serving as workers in other units. intimately of them lacked any technical or professional qualifications. Although these owners do not possess any formal technical education, their knowledge of materials, machinery and products is considerable. The owners perform all rudimentary functions of marketing, procurement and finance.This is precisely the reason why they do not want to mete out professionals or believe in training. The plan of attack up second generation is again a mixed category, with some of them having professional qualifications before entering the family business, while others association at an early age with cheat on floor and hands-on experience. The decision make officefulnesss are vested with the entrepreneur themselves. There is no delegation of authority and the amount of place posed in the employees is very less(prenominal). exertion There are huge but fragmented capacities in the cluster and not much of subcontracting prevails.Thus the capacity utilization is very low. It is 40% in units operating computerized machines while 80% in hand flat machines that are suitable for value added corner products. More than 60% of the units are on the job(p) either as ancillary or vendors to their mother units. There is less preeminence with thrust on knit structures, silhouettes, sunglasses and patterns, which are limited in cut back. This is a flavoural industry and the production capacity utilization is remarkably low in the lean inure, which is from December to April for winter wear. saving schedules are seldom adhered to. DesigningProfessionally qualified as well as experienced designers are available in the industry. Local institutes like Pinnacle, JD Institute and NIFD are serving the industry actively. But keep mum Ludhiana is lacking in new designs because of no efforts being put on research & development. Most of the small entrepreneurs prefer doing this job themselves. The big ones, who are interested in keeping themselves up on(predicate) with latest trends visit nearby countries like Hong-Kong and Singapore to pick up some of the latest available samples. These are then modified to suit the needs of interior(prenominal) market as well as that of some developing countries for exports.The importers of developed countries unremarkably provide their designs themselves. A proposal for collaborationism with international institute likes CITER (Italy) & FIT (US) is down the stairs pipeline. Infrastructure Ludhiana is very poor as far as infrastructure facilities are concerned. The only a irport, which is near to Ludhiana is not operable at the moment and it is mandatory to adjoin its status from municipalated to international airport. An international level show centre for buyer-seller meets is mandatory so that it is easier for the buyers from abroad to visit Ludhiana. There are no proper facilities for labour force. collectible to scattered location of industries, the common outgoing treatment plants do not work. Some units have installed them individually but they are working at much lower capacities. The conditions of roads is very poor and even the sewers are not laid bundle in some areas. The strength write out is very erratic and very appeally. rattling recently this has been hiked by around 4%. Even the use of generator sets commands morose taxes. There are no common facilities. MOT has announced a jibe of schemes like TCIDS wherein the industry has to give a matching section. The cluster has already submitted a proposal in this respect.In some areas, the associations have even pooled in resources for laying fell roads and sewers. Finance Most of the units are financially independent with a strong base. Loans are easily available from banks and other financial institutions but preference is given to private financiers who provide loans at a higher rate. This is largely to hide the outlawed business transactions. Various banks such as the SBI under its UPTECH programme is giving aristocratic loans on their PLR and contributing initial Rs. 1 Lakh in cost of comeliness for technical up-gradation of units. market Marketing is a very weak feature of the Ludhiana cluster.At the outset, there is no distinction between the manufacturer and the marketer. There are a few firms who are change directly through their own retail outlets such as Duke, Sportking or through marketing conduct such as monte Carlo, Pringle, Jain Udhay, Neva etc. Many units are doing job work for big brands such as Raymonds, Wills, Allen Solly, Espri t etc. Every year in two phases i. e. in January for summers and in July for winters, the manufacturers do their sampling and procure orders by displaying these in hotels at Delhi where they invite their prospective retailers.A huge amount is spent in this process. An opening move in this respect has been taken by a few of the manufacturers in hurt of collective and negotiated hotel bookings. It is being planned to conduct these meets in a collective fashion, which pull up stakes reduce the cost of this activity. There is also a lot of price undercutting in the cluster. There is no emphasis on branding and this largely reduces the margins because the maximum value addition in string is at this stage. To overcome this problem, a collective marketing and common branding project has been planned.There is very less participation in national trade fairs and the international ones are also seldom visited to get a feel of the market trends. The marketing in the export sector is targete d mainly at the buying houses. There are very few units that are directly marketing in the international market. Domestic market Ludhiana knitwear industry is doing Rs. 3629 crores business in the internal market. 95% domestic demand for woolen knitwear is complete by the Ludhiana cluster alone. The main markets for Ludhiana knitwear industry are high-end domestic markets in Delhi, Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Lucknow and Kanpur.There is also a low-end middle income mass domestic market including immigrants from Tibet and Nepal. some other major market are the Government Departments, to begin with self-abnegation and police, that is routed through tenders announced by these departments. merchandise market The orbiculate knitwear market is of about 200 zillion USD. Export of knitwear from Ludhiana is of about Rs. 1371 crores. The main foreign markets for Ludhiana knitwear industry are the high quality conscious Americans, Europeans and the market of the CIS countries. USA and EU are h igh fashion and design markets.The export being done to American and EU nations is primarily job work for big brands wherein the designs are provided by the buyers. There is very less export being done with manufacturers own label and that likewise is limited to spunk East and CIS nations only. The Middle East markets are low quality markets. An important feature of the knitwear export from Ludhiana is that almost 90% of export is carried out by the manufacturer exporters. There are very few merchant exporters. Around 25% of the yarn is also exported. There is a huge demand for synthetic fibres in the European nations.These possibilities have not been employ so far. Role of marketing agents Marketing agents are radicalally catering to the requirements of the domestic markets, both high-end and low-end middle-income parts. They provide two kinds of important services to the entrepreneurs firstly they source orders from outback(a) buyers and secondly they serve as a guarantor o f the buyer for the manufactures. They are creditworthy for assembling of money from the buyers after destruction of credit limit. In case of dispute, they withhold 50 percent of entrepreneurs dead payment. The intermediaries take away around 6% of the sales as commission.This indirect link limits the feedback original from the final clients and results in low customer loyalty, besides reducing the profit margins. alter sector The knitwear industry in Ludhiana is highly decentralized & varies in size. The small knitwear units are located in residential areas around Sunder Nagar, Madhopuri, Brahmpuri, Shivpuri, Purana Bazar and Bahadur ke road. The medium and large units are generally located in the outskirts of Ludhiana in the Industrial Area, Focal Point, Chandigarh avenue or Jalandhar road. Most of the units are base in the residential areas converted into commercial places.Only a few big units have their production units in eleven of the Government promoted industrial esta tes in the Ludhiana district. There is no exclusive industrial estate in the city for knitwear units. Research and development There is no stress on R&D activities in the cluster. The R&D is only in terms of new varieties and finishes of yarns and in terms of technology up-gradation. An exhibition on latest yarns was organized, where Chinese and Indian firms displayed their innovations. This created some awareness but the cluster still needs to put in more effort in this. Taxes and DutiesThere is chain of taxes on industry which are say as under 1. Excise affair on fibers 12% 2. Excise certificate of indebtedness on yarn(12%) / Excise transaction on polyester filament yarn (34 %) so bonny duty on yarn 23% 3. Sales tax on yarn 4. 4% 4. Sales tax on Ready made & knitwear 4 amount (of 1+2+3+4) 66. 8% Proposed Entry tax on yarn 4. 4% The knitters and weavers of grey fabric can pay excise duty on an optional basis. The rate of excise duty on fabric, made ups and garments is 12%. This special Dispensation shall continue up to 28th Feb 2005. The industrial fabrics would however continue at 16%.The Hand processing of textile fabric by independent Processors is exempted from excise duty even there is use of proponent in three Specified processes i. e. scouring, hydro-extraction and calendaring in the case of Cotton and man made fabrics. Policies and regulations EXIM Policy 2002 2007 In the EXIM insurance 2002 2005, Ludhiana has been awarded the status of town of export excellence for woolen knitwear. This ordain entitle Ludhiana cluster for the by-line benefits Recognized association of units provide be able to access funds under MAI (Market access initiative scheme) for creating focused technological services.Funds will also be available for undertaking market promotion efforts on country Product basis. Receive antecedency for assistance in identified full of life infrastructure gaps. There are two schemes namely Apparel Integrated greens for E xports and the cloth Center Infrastructure building scheme under which 37 crores of patronage is available. Various benefits will be broad to the member units as relaxation in labour laws, common facilities etc. sampling fabrics permitted duty lighten within 3% limit for trimming & embellishment and 10 % variation in GSM to be allowed for fabric under advance license.Additional specifics such as zip fastness, inlay cards, evelets, rivets, eves, toggles, velcro-tape, cord & cord stopper are included in input output norms. DEPB rates are permitted for all kinds of blended fabrics. Such blended fabrics are to have the lowest rate as applicable to different constitutional fabric. Oswal woolen mill Limited (OWM), the flagship conjunction of the Nahar assort of Companies is expanding its alive capacities by aerodynamic lift funds through a public issue and has obtained SEBIs nod for the issue of up to 8,320,000 integrity grapples of Rs. 10 each through the book create ro ute. The issue comprises of a net issue to the public of up to 8,305,000 properly pcts and reservation of up to 15,000 equity shares for subscription by employees. The net issue will constitute 25. 05% of fully diluted dribble-issue heavy(p) of the connection, said Mr. Jawahar Lal Oswal, Managing Director of the companion. OWM, was unified in 1949 and is a part of Rs. 19,000 million well known industrial heterogeneous Nahar free radical which also consists of Nahar Spinning Ltd, Nahar Industrial Enterprises Limited, Nahar Exports Ltd and Nahar not bad(p) letter & Financial Services Limited base at Ludhiana in Punjab.The Group is one of the oldest and well-recognized business houses in India. The participation is one of the pioneers in the organized Indian woolen hose industry. OWM made modest showtime as a manufacturer of hose spots and over the years has emerged as a vertically incorporated woolen textile connection having presence in respective(a) markets, w ith good footslog of products including branded wool hosepipe and cotton garments. OWM is the registered owner of well-known brand name four-card monte Carlo for exchange wool hosiery and cotton garments which was added to the live product portfolio in the year 2002.International cabaret for Super brands has recognized monte Carlo as a Superbrand for woollen hosiery garments since pecuniary 2003. The products in woollen hosiery segment are also interchange under the brand names of Canterbury for first-rateior quality woollen hosiery garments while the specialism crush woollen yarns and hand plain stitch yarns are sold under the brand name of OWM. Since March 2006, the companionship has started manufacture of anil color forte dungaree fabric, which has added to the alert double of sufficient product portfolios.The confederation has been certified to set to the QMS ensample ISO 90012000 by DNV Certification B. V. , Netherlands for the manufacture and supply of slanted and grey tops and yarn in worsted wool, pure wool, lamb wool, acrylic wool blends and polyester wool blends and angora, berthia and serge fabrics. The bon ton endeavors to tone its position in the in the retail sector and it plans to further extend its real reach of Monte Carlo unshared betray Outlets by opening superfluous 106 outlets by Fiscal 2009 from the existing 44 outlets as of now.Further, OWM is contemplating selling dungaree fabrics to off-the-rack denim garment manufactures in domestic and international market. From 2007 autumn and winter season, The ac caller would start production and marketing of comely micron pure merino blended knitted products for children in the age stem of one to eight years for the Indian domestic market. In the Fiscal 2006, OWM had commission a co-generation great index plant with multi enkindle capabilities with an installed capacity of 3. MW to meet the entire authority requirements of integrated yarn textile man ufacturing plant. convey commissioning of this co-generation power plant in addition to cost reduction of power, the company would benefit from uninterrupted availability of power resulting in better quality of yarn and reduction in manufacturing wastage. Under the catamenia expansion plan, it proposes to set up a co-generation power plant with installed capacity of 7. 5 MW, which is expected to meet the full requirements of power for integrated denim operations post expansion. Mr.Kamal Oswal, Director said, We also propose to ontogenesis capacities to manufacture excess 125,000 pieces of wool base knitted and hosiery garments together with surplus 4,784 spindles for worsted woollen yarn and also increasing denim fabric interweave capacity to 20 million meters per annum from the present level of 15 million meters per annum. As a backward integration for the denim fabric twist, we are also picture up a cotton spinning plant with a capacity of 14,400 spindles and 2,160 rotors . The declare Running Lead Managers to the Issue are UTI Bank Limited and Motilal Oswal Investment Advisors cloak-and-dagger Limited.Oswal Woolen Mills NAHAR radical, completed in 1949 surges ahead to establish it self as a reputed industrial confused with a wide ranging portfolio from Worsted Spinning, Cotton Knitted, and Cotton Woven drapes, woolen hosepipe etc. The assemblage has spinning capacity of 0. 4 millions cotton spindles 25000 worsted spindles with turn over of $500 million inclusive of export turnover of $150 million. Out of total production, 60% of the production is dedicate to exports and the rest 40% for domestic market.The production facility have been awarded ISO 90012000. directly OWM is the flagship company of the lustrous Nahar conglomerate and a proud owner of widely loved Super fault in Knitwear, Monte Carlo and Recoganised Super tag Canterbury. The company boasts of a product portfolio that is truly large and varied. They include different t ypes of woolen, Acrylic and Synthetic mingle Yarns, Lambs Wool Yarn. The markets of NAHAR GROUP are cris crossed allover the man with major clientele in Australia, refreshing Zealand, Europe, Middle East, Africa, Russia and Asia.The objective is meeting the buyers expectations with accordant quality backed by R & D divisions equipped with latest equipment, thresh about of highly qualified technocrats and adhering to timely schedules. Today Oswal Woolen Mills LTD. is a company that owes its strength in the market and solid state to foresight of its chairman Sh. Jawahar Lal Oswal ,the professional inputs of the table of directors and able to team of highly skilled mangers OSWAL WOOLEN MILLS LTD is the Flagship company of over US$500 millions NAHAR GROUP OF COMPANIESOswal Woollen Mills (OWM) is the flagship company of the Rs 2,000 crore Nahar Group, which is an industrial obscure with a diversified portfolio that includes spinning, plain stitch, fabric processing, hosiery garm ents, knitwear and infrastructure. Starting off as a small hosiery factory in Ludhiana in 1949. It produces a wide hurl of products, which include diverse type of woollen acrylic, synthetic blend yarns, lamb wool yarn, woollen viscose and acrylic tops, textile fabric, woollen hosiery, thermals, knitwear and cotton Garments. The Companys infrastructural base includes six factories with a workforce of 10,000 people.OWM has recently become the first domestic company in the country to get together the prestigious ISO- 9001-2000 certification in the excogitation, knitwear, manufacturing and proviso category. Oswal Woollen Mills (Spinning Mill) Limited GarmentManufacturer Oswal Woolen Mills NAHAR GROUP, established in 1949 surges ahead to establish it self as a reputed industrial conglomerate with a wide ranging portfolio from Spinning, Knitting, Fabric, Hosiery Garments etc. Out of total production, 60% of the production is dedicated to exports and the rest 40% for domestic market.Th e production facility has been awarded ISO 90012000. OWM is the flagship company of the sublime Oswal Empire and a proud owner of widely loved Super makes in Knitwear, Monte Carlo and Canterbury. The company boasts of a product chuck that is truly large and varied. They include diverse types of Woollen, Acrylic and Synthetic Blended Yarns, Lambs Wool Yarn, Woollen Viscose & Acrylic Tops, Textile Fabric, Woollen Knitwear, Hosiery & Cotton Garments The knitting industry in India can be classified into following groups Hosiery knitting for undergarments Flat knitting for sweaters and winter garments Socks knitting for socks and stockings Warp knitting for dresses, furnishings and industrial applications In the recent times, knitting sector has undergone enormous modifications that have resulted in an increase in efficiency, ease of operations, use of computer assisted designing etc. The various reasons for the growth of knitting industry are as follows The capital investment for showtime a new knitting unit is relatively small than that required for other fabric producing industries. mellow productivity and very low preceding(prenominal) process as compared to weaving. More on the table and easy changeover of names and designs to keep up with the frequent fashion changes in tog market. Knitted fabrics are roaring and are in line of business with the time. Knitwear dont require iron out and thus it gives people a harum-scarum tincture while traveling etc. Low labour cost per unit as compared to weaving. Wider scope of designing in a knitting machine at a lower cost as compared to weaving. Traditionally pure wool was more commonly used for knitted fabrics. But its cost being very high and production being very low, it could not meet the requirements of the increasing population.Due to these constraints, the use of acrylic and other noncostlier fibres like jute have overshadowed wool in the knitting sector. Optimal custom of the manufacturing capacities of the industry is required to face the global challenge in terms of measuring rod and price in the post WTO quota regime. Most of the hosiery/knitwear manufacturing units in India are in the small-scale sector. India is the largest producer of cotton in the world, with Gujarat as a number one cotton producer with a emergence of 300-400 kg per hectare. It is expected that within a couple of years, it will touch the mark of 550 kg per hectare.Therefore India has an abundant supply of the grassroots raw-material for knitwear industry. Presently, the main centers where this industry is located are Ludhiana, Tirupur, Delhi, Culcutta, Banglore, Ahmedabad, Saharanpur, Surat, Kanpur and Mumbai. About 95% of the nations output of woolen/acrylic knitwear and over two third of its bicycles and parts production comes from Ludhiana. Tirupur is far-famed for cotton hosiery and most of its produce is exported. Knitwear industry uses various types of yarns like woolen, worsted, cot ton, blended and various other types of fancy yarn.However Ludhiana, which is very famous for woolen knitwear makes substantial use of acrylic fiber and less of pure wool because of its high price. This is primarily because wool as a raw material is produced mainly in Australia, South Africa and New Zealand and the import duty on the same is very high. The industry in India mainly imports wool either in its fiber stage, yarn stage or old woolen rags, which are then recycled. In terms of looks and feel for a common user, acrylic and woolen seem to be similar. At present world cloth market stands at 200 one million million USD and the share of knitwear is almost 50% of the total market.China has a hold over 24% of the global knitwear trade. While the domestic apparel market in India is around 9 billion USD wherein knitwear has only 15% share. If we analyse the per capita intake of fabrics, the share of knitted fabrics in the Indian market is around 3% as compared to the world averag e of 13%. Globally, the per capita using up of knitted fabrics is 31 kg in the US, 20 kg in the EU & 24 kg in Japan, whereas in India the per capita consumption is 0. 2 kg per annum. This proves that there is huge scope for growth of knitted fabric in India.Significance of knitwear in garment industry The survival of knitwear industry depends on the survival of the garment industry. At present, the knitwear industry has only 43% share in volume of garment industry but the same is increasing at a very fast rate due to the comfort properties of knitted garments. As on January 1 2002, there were 50,000 units in India engaged in garment manufacturing, of which 9600 were in the knitted sector and 40,400 in the woven sector. stratum 1999 2000 The garment sector in India is growing at the rate of 7. % in volume, but a notable point is that this growth has been largely supported by the growth in the knitted sector at a rate of 11. 4% in volume. Knitwear accounts for 18% of foreign exchang e gain by the country from export of all commodities. Garment exports from India in July have registered a growth of 20% in value terms and is at 379 million USD as against 316 million USD, in the same period last year. Both the sectors of the garment industry i. e. knitted and woven have progressed over the last decade & a half but in the later half of the decade, the knitted sector has overtaken the woven sector in terms of volume.Significance in export It is expected that the textile sector would execute the export target of Rs. 65,000 crores this year, out of which the knitwear contribution will be about 15% 20%. The union Government has stubborn the export target of 50 billion USD for the textile items by the year 2010, the share target for garment is at 50% i. e. 25 billion USD. Countrys Export of garment from Ludhiana region during Jan-December 2001 was 705. 19 crores under quota countries, while export of garment from India was of 21414. 52 crores.Thus the percentage shar e of Ludhiana in export of garment was only 3. 29 %. The total global garment market is of 198. 7 billion USD. (From clothesline). Destination of export Presently U. S. A. , Canada, South Africa, U. K. , Germany, France and U. A. E are the main destinations for knitwear exports from India. West Europe, Australia, Japan, Middle East, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan & Ukraine countries are big importers of knitted items. Yarn from India is exported to almost the whole of the world but more so to Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Korea. CompetitorsChina, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Indonesia, Pakistan and Sri Lanka give severe contestation to India in the world market. The share of China alone in the world market is 24% while that of India is just 3%. Import Barriers Indias import duties on wool fiber, textiles and apparel are highest amongst the world. Duties remain high at all stages of the pipeline and exporters also face nontariff barriers such as special import licenses for wool fabric s etc. The import duty on raw wool is 22% and on wool-top it is 50% with an extra duty of 11. 5% payable on imports. Besides this, the total duty on the wool yarn is 67. %. Import duty on machine is 25% while import duty on machine parts is around 52%. sometimes the maintenance of imported machine becomes costlier. Because of this, the manufacturers avoid purchasing of modern imported machine. Oswal Woollen Mills Ltd enters capital market pic pic NEW DELHI Oswal Woollen Mills Limited (OWM), the flagship company of the Nahar Group of Companies is expanding its existing capacities by breeding funds through a public issue and has obtained SEBIs nod for the issue of up to 8,320,000 equity shares of Rs. 10 each through the book built route. The issue comprises of a net issue to the public of up to 8,305,000 equity shares and reservation of up to 15,000 equity shares for subscription by employees. The net issue will constitute 25. 05% of fully diluted post-issue capital of the company, said Mr. Jawahar Lal Oswal, Managing Director of the company. OWM, was incorporated in 1949 and is a part of Rs. 19,000 million well known industrial conglomerate Nahar Group which also consists of Nahar Spinning Ltd, Nahar Industrial Enterprises Limited, Nahar Exports Ltd and Nahar working capital & Financial Services Limited found at Ludhiana in Punjab.The Group is one of the oldest and well-recognized business houses in India. The Company is one of the pioneers in the organized Indian woollen hosiery industry. OWM made modest blood line as a manufacturer of hosiery items and over the years has emerged as a vertically integrated woollen textile company having presence in diverse markets, with wide range of products including branded woollen hosiery and cotton garments. OWM is the registered owner of well-known brand name Monte Carlo for selling woollen hosiery and cotton garments which was added to the existing roduct portfolio in the year 2002. International gild for Superbran ds has recognized Monte Carlo as a Superbrand for woollen hosiery garments since Fiscal 2003. The products in woollen hosiery segment are also sold under the brand names of Canterbury for premium quality woollen hosiery garments while the specialty worsted woollen yarns and hand knitting yarns are sold under the brand name of OWM. Since March 2006, the company has started manufacture of indigo dyed specialty denim fabric, which has added to the existing range of loaded product portfolios.The Company has been certified to conform to the QMS Standard ISO 90012000 by DNV Certification B. V. , Netherlands for the manufacture and supply of dyed and grey tops and yarn in worsted wool, pure wool, lamb wool, acrylic wool blends and polyester wool blends and angora, berthia and serge fabrics. The Company endeavors to strengthen its position in the in the retail sector and it plans to further augment its existing reach of Monte Carlo Exclusive Brand Outlets by opening additional nose candy outlets by Fiscal 2010 from the existing 44 outlets as of now.Further, OWM is contemplating selling denim fabrics to off-the-peg denim garment manufactures in domestic and international market. From 2007 autumn and winter season, The Company would start production and marketing of fine micron pure merino blended knitted products for children in the age group of one to eight years for the Indian domestic market. In the Fiscal 2006, OWM had commission a co-generation power plant with multi discharge capabilities with an installed capacity of 3. MW to meet the entire power requirements of integrated yarn textile manufacturing plant. stance commissioning of this co-generation power plant in addition to cost reduction of power, the company would benefit from uninterrupted availability of power resulting in better quality of yarn and reduction in manufacturing wastage. Under the current expansion plan, it proposes to set up a co-generation power plant with installed capacity of 7. 5 M W, which is expected to meet the full requirements of power for integrated denim operations post expansion.Mr. Kamal Oswal, Director said, We also propose to increase capacities to manufacture additional 125,000 pieces of wool found knitted and hosiery garments together with additional 4,784 spindles for worsted woollen yarn and also increasing denim fabric weaving capacity to 20 million meters per annum from the present level of 15 million meters per annum. As a backward integration for the denim fabric weaving, we are also position up a cotton spinning plant with a capacity of 14,400 spindles and 2,160 rotors. The intensity Running Lead Managers to the Issue are UTI Bank Limited and Motilal Oswal Investment Advisors mysterious Limited. Mr. N. D. Jain, president of the company, announced sale policy of textile products for the year 2007-2008. Mr. Jain advised that the company was manufacturing textile products of highest quality which are best in country. Oswal Woollen Mills L imited (OWM) is the the flagship company of the Nahar Group of Companies. OWM, was incorporated in 1949 and is a part of Rs. 9,000 million well known industrial conglomerate Nahar Group. The Group is one of the oldest and well-recognized business houses in India. The Company is one of the pioneers in the organized Indian woollen hosiery industry. OWM made modest beginning as a manufacturer of hosiery items and over the years has emerged as a vertically integrated woollen textile company having presence in diverse markets, with wide range of products including branded woollen hosiery and cotton garments.OWM is the registered owner of well-known brand name Monte Carlo for selling woollen hosiery and cotton garments which was added to the existing product portfolio in the year 2002. The products in woollen hosiery segment are also sold under the brand names of Canterbury for premium quality woollen hosiery garments while the specialty worsted woollen yarns and hand knitting yarns are sold under the brand name of OWM. Since March 2006, the company has started manufacture of indigo dyed specialty denim fabric, which has added to the existing range of rich product portfolios.The Company has been certified to conform to the QMS Standard ISO 90012000 for the manufacture and supply of dyed and grey tops and yarn in worsted wool, pure wool, lamb wool, acrylic wool blends and polyester wool blends and angora, berthia and serge fabrics. Monte Carlo India Mens Fashion, prescribed Office & Fashion Shirts, T-shirts, Jackets, Womens Cardigans & Sweaters Over the years, Monte Carlo has established itself as a brand name trusted world-wide for its excellence in quality and eminence.Some of our products include sweaters, cardigans, cardigan sweaters, Mens pullovers, T-shirts, trouser, shorts, Womens cardigan sweaters & womens sweater. All our clothes are designed in a carriage to give our customers the ultimate feeling of comfort and ecstasy. Our collections also includes a wide range of thermals and track suits India. In our compilation of exquisite clothing and qualitative attires we have variety of jackets India like Womens jackets, sleeveless jackets, Mens jackets & Shirts like fashion shirts, formal shirts, office shirts & sweeping shirts etc. Dress up by the ways of world and eat what you enthrallWhen getting ready for new day its all about smell fresh and feeling energetic. Dressing up in a fine manner and carrying it all with grace is what real recites the personality and the real you. Styles change all season so there is no point in limiting and sticking to one style but its continuously better to experiment wisely. The dressing style of Men The clothing styles change every season but there is one constant touch that unleashes the kind of test you have. When it comes to mens clothing its important that the colors are right and same goes for the cuts.There are a few basic colors that actually suit men these include blue, black, white, gr ey, cream etc. Another vital tip for dressing will be to iron your clothes every time you wear them. When dressing up its not just about clothes but accessories as well. For that prototype look its important to incessantly have a few things like watch, tie, pen, cuff link and tie pin. at once equipped with all above and a positive attitude you are all set to rule the world. The dressing style for Women Dressing correctly is most confuse for women. Be it casuals or formal the only secret to look just right is to be graceful.Although a few rules are standard for both men and women but still they have a wider range to choose from. When dressing up for a normal day its better to sport a simple look attach to with a few accessories. A light make up with a smooth identity is the idea to unite all the positive energies and bring out the confidence. More than any thing else it is mandatory no matter what you wear it should be comfortable because your wardrobe exactly portrays you indi vidual identity. luxuriously shank or low waist only thing that matters is to be able to carry it well.All said and done come back be true to yourself. To look stylish and fashionable its not important to change your wardrobe with every season what matters is to actually feel Trendy. shop Tips Shopping is one of the most positron emission tomography hobbies for both men and women. It is regarded as a stress buster activity. Despite of its console nature shopping can be troublesome at time so here are a few tips that guide you to enjoy the entire experience. Most importantly you should be dressed coolly so that you can easily take off and put back in the dressing room. If you are not the firm kind and you annot decide by yourself, remember to take a friend with you who can guide you well on what actually suits you. Until you are not shopping for diversion remember to make a heel of it all and shop only for the things that you need. carry trying new styles you never know what suits you until you have an experience you might force yourself. The best way to make sure that something is comfortable is to actually try it well. When you are about to buy something move you accouterments and sit down that will give you a better idea of whether it is worth buying or not. With all the above ideas and tips now you are all set to buy just the right lothing and that too without any inconvenience. So, Get ready and get going How to buy? Find the point the website has been designed in a very user friendly manner with all the classification done all you need to do is to choose from the categories and order the product. Keyword inquisition in case, you are looking for a particular dress type the item code ore a bit of its rendering you can access the item using the search option. Learn about the item you found Before you actually buy the product make sure that you have all the details of the product like Item no. Its description purchase order no. Pric e Images Shipping and pay Details Make sure that you have read the details of the product and the retribution Information and other Shipping Instructions. New Arrivals Montecarlo Ladies Collection 08-09 Monte Carlo the flagship brand of Oswal Woollen Mills hasUnveiled its s/s 08-09 collection. Dedicated to women are three lines. Alice in Wonderland, Uber dona and the New Proportions All the three collections are done by keeping one thing in preview, that it should be for every women,be her a college going girl or ur home maker.Alices Wonderland inspired knit collection embodies design , colorful patterns and prints , with fruity material and dynamic cuts, colorful threads. Tees in multi-colors and stripes also take their own place. Colors are rich and aristocrat , cardinal reds , majestic purples with off whites and fleecy ekrus. Browns , turqs and theatrical fucias ginger with light gurgle, sophisticated rose accents , contrast dusky time of origin pinks. Uberdona A desire for beauty and all the finer things in life. This party collection offers a range of kurtis crafted with extreme fragility and embellished with pearls and shells , metals and threads , flowing fabrics.The New Proportions A casual daywear an interplay of clean cut silhouettes , pastels and gross(a) colors , fine cottons and minimal embroidered patternsPick a shirts or a tunic to dress down for effortlessly stylish daywear and it make sure to steal u a second glance. The trousers are baggy . tastefully selected pieces lend timelessness and opulence to fashion thats what Monte Carlo s / s 09 collection is all about. Price range Rs 345 onwards u cant baulk it Available Monte Carlos exclusive stores and MBOs. MonteCarlo Trousers Monte carlo offer moreA perfect timeless look which shines you apart from the crowd. A perfect blend of premium fibres which gives the monte carlo trouser a uniqueness of its own. In the season we present you a complete range of stylish chinos , edgy linens ,premium cotton lends bio-polished for a peach skin finish will give an extra smooth feel. The enzyme and silicon in these trousers makes the fabric extremely soft standard and anti crush makes you feel beginning the day even at the end. A complete gracious range which starts from Rs 699 Rs 1495. This season Monte Carlo has introduced its new LEXUS(miracle cotton) Wrinkle free Cotton(trousers). hich is made of 2 ply100s California PIMA cotton to give premium lustre and strength, extremist light, high density, fabric with resin polish makes it a perfect non-iron trouser. New colour lock technology to keep colour fresh & bright wash afyer wash. For just look there is multi release cargos with different washes. And the Cargo range for men comprises of multi pocket cargos with detailing of snaps, velcros and zippers. Garments are treated with extremist enzyme wash and softeners to provide a voguish washed look and soft hand to the garment to increase the wearing comfort.C anterbury Monte Carlos Canterbury is a premium brand that delivers civilization, soft luxury and creativity in intrinsic patterns and styles for those who settle for nothing but the best. The collection liberally uses superior quality of pure cash wool in fine count of eighteen micron. This makes the woollens lightweight and extremely warm. These garments have an gauzy hand feel, drape gracefully and fit abruptly on all body types. The Cantebury collections introduced every season pullovers and cardigans in 100 % pure cashmere wool and cash wool for both men and women.The exciting Canterbury range has exclusive designs that come in unique colour combinations. The designs comprises of intarsia classic argyles (diamonds shapes) and patterns of checks. Single colour self structure with links and transfers. The collection is available in fusion of urban objective colours with a predominance of shades in blues, in evergreen greys, the elegance of beiges and brown, dull blues and th e bright hues of turquoise. The fall winter 2009-10 collection has more than 70 designs on offer for its customers. Monte Carlo Its the way you make me feel Brand Monte Carlo Company Oswal Woolen Mills LtdpicMonteCarlo is a premium knit wear brand in India. Launched in 1984, this brand is dominating the Mass + Class segment winter cloth market. Oswal has around 50% market share in this segment. With the thriving retail sector driving the growth of Readymade clothing in India (estimated to be to the tune of Rs40 bn) no one can resist extending their brand to readymades. That is exactly what MonteCarlo is doing now. MonteCarlo ( which is a super brand) has similarity with Color Plus (discussed in previous blog) in that it created a market for itself in a category that was dominate by lesser known brands.Monte Carlo was thorough in brand building and the ads were wily and theme oriented. Since I am in South India where there is little market for woolen clothes, still the ads sho wn in national channels used to excite me. The ads were full of feel good factors with great models and excellent imagery. All the ads had Romance and two people discovering a relationship. The print ads were like that of ColorPlus gave a premium touch to the brand. It is said that most of the earlier models of this brand are now superstars including Mallika Sherawat, Arjun Rampal to name a few.Monte Carlo is promoted with the baseline Its the way you make me feel. The catchy point of the TVC s is the music which always set the tone for the message. The brand is still communicated along the same themes since two decades. The company spent lot of effort in making sure that the premiumness is not illogical in campaigns. This is going to pay rich dividend when the brand is getting into the competitive world of every day wear. The brand was lengthy to T shirts in 1999 with the brand Summerz. In 2001, the brand forayed into everday wear market under the sub brands Wonderhugs and Trous erz and introduced ladies wear in 2003.This year saw the national launch of cotton wears from Monte Carlo. The company was carefully ramping up the distribution and retail strategies to ensure that this brand succeed. The price range of readymades is in line with the premium brands like Van Heusan and Louis Philippe. So Monte Carlo can expect some serious competition. With the kind of success this brand had in the winter wear market, it is sound to believe that Monte Carlo has the potential to be a Color Plus. try for that the brand will be built along the same themes that made it successful. REVIEW OF LITERATUREOswal Woolen Mills NAHAR GROUP, established in 1949 surges ahead to establish it self as a reputed industrial conglomerate with a wide ranging portfolio from Spinning, Knitting, Fabric, Hosiery Garments etc. Out of total production, 60% of the production is dedicated to exports and the rest 40% for domestic market. The production facility has been awarded ISO 90012000. OW M is the flagship company of the glorious Oswal Empire and a proud owner of widely loved Super Brands in Knitwear, Monte Carlo and Canterbury. The company boasts of a product range that is truly large and varied.They include diverse types of Woollen, Acrylic and Synthetic Blended Yarns, Lambs Wool Yarn, Woollen Viscose & Acrylic Tops, Textile Fabric, Woollen Knitwear, Hosiery & Cotton Garments The knitting industry in India can be classified into following groups 1. Hosiery knitting for undergarments 2. Flat knitting for sweaters and winter garments 3. Socks knitting for socks and stockings 4. Warp knitting for dresses, furnishings and industrial applications In the recent times, knitting sector has undergone enormous modifications that have resulted in an increase in efficiency, ease of operations, use of computer aided esigning etc. The various reasons for the growth of knitting industry are as follows 1. The capital investment for starting a new knitting unit is relatively small than that required for other fabric producing industries. 2. High productivity and very low preparatory process as compared to weaving. 3. More flexible and easy changeover of styles and designs to keep up with the frequent fashion changes in apparel market. 4. Knitted fabrics are comfortable and are in tune with the time. 5. Knitwear dont require ironing and thus it gives people a carefree feeling while traveling etc. 6.Low labour cost per unit as compared to weaving. 7. Wider scope of designing in a knitting machine at a lower cost as compared to weaving. Traditionally pure wool was more commonly used for knitted fabrics. But its cost being very high and production being very low, it could not meet the requirements of the increasing population. Due to these constraints, the use of acrylic and other noncostlier fibres like jute have overshadowed wool in the knitting sector. Optimal utilisation of the manufacturing capacities of the industry is required to face the global challenge in terms of quantity and price in the post WTO quota regime.Most of the hosiery/knitwear manufacturing units in India are in the small-scale sector. India is the lar